Circulatory System
Internal environment provides the fluid environment needed
ECF or interstitial fluid
Main function is to transport blood & lymph
Blood carries nutrients oxygen enzymes hormones among other things
Closed system
Whole blood contained entirely within heart & vessels
Lymph picks up unneeded fluid & returns it to the lymphatic system for cleaning and filtering which is also a part of bodily defense
FUNCTIONS
Maintains homestasis
Transportation of oxygen, water, hormones, enzymes & antibodies
Regulation
Coordination
Water & other substance regulation
Temperature control
Phagocytosis à white blood cells
2 parts to the circulatory system
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Cardiovascular System
Adequate blood needed for all body systems/organs at different times for different reasons making the circulatory very complex since it can redirect blood flow to parts of the body that need or don’t need it very quickly
Ateries
Arterioles
Both carry blood away from the heart and have higher pressure
Veins
Venules
Both carry blood to the heart and have a lower pressure
Capillaries
What the circulatory system is designed around
Is the exchange zone for bloods nutrients and the organs used nutrients
Blood moves slowly through capillaries to allow time for nutrients and waste to move into and out of the blood for use or transport
Internal inviroment
Blood
Fluid & formed elements that are confined to organs of cardiovascular system
Tissue Fluid
Interstitial fluid or ECF
Lymph
Fluid in vessels of lymphatic system
Blood in detail
Should have a pH value of 7.35 ~ 7.45
Making it a slightly basic fluid under normal conditions
~ 8% of body weight
4 is normal Relative viscosity
depends on hematocrit temperature & flow rate
4 ~ 6 Liters of blood on average in an adult
Plasma in detail
90% water
7 ~ 9% proteins
fibrin is a protein that helps blood clot
made from fibrinogen
serum is plasma with Fibrin removed à all proteins except those used in blood clotting
55% of all proteins are Serum Albumen (egg white) which is what makes blood viscous & regulates blood volume
38% are immunoglobulens à the bodies defense
1% salt sugars fats urea & other thing
accounts for 50 ~ 60% of blood volume
other 40 ~ 50% are formed elements
formed elements of the blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets)
Eurythrocytes
Red blood cell simply
Mature cells lack a nucleus
Hemoglobin gives the red color
Oxygen binds to Iron in the blood to be carried
4 ~ 6 million/mm^3
Hematopoiesis
The production of red blood cells
Occurs in red bone marrow
2 million/second produced to keep up with the bodies demand
Stem cell: One of the human body's master cells, with the ability to grow into any one of the body's more than 200 cell types.
Reticulocyte
Immature red blood cell
Leaves bone marrow & enters blood stream & losses its nucleus
Luekocyte
True cell
6,000 ~ 10,000 /mm^3 of blood
2 groups
Granular à granulocyte à white blood cell
Has staining granules
Polymorphonuclear
Nuetrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Agranular
Monocyte
Can develop in macrophages
Lymphocyte
B cells
T cells
NK cells
Thrombocytes
Platelets
250,000 / mm^3 of blood
fragments of megakaryocyte cell
rounded
colorless
sticky à to adhere to cuts or breaks in a vessel
Hemostasis
Stopping of blood flow
Smooth muscle spasms to constrict blood flow
Platelet plug should form at the site of the damage to start to the repairing process
THE HEART
2 purposes
Completes the Pulmonary circuit for oxygenation of blood
Completes the systemic circuit for getting the rest of the body the it needs
Double Pump
Maintains flow & pressure
70 ~ 75 beats/contractions a minute in the average human
highly efficient to maintain its output
weigh 340 grams ~ 11 ounces
12cm long à 9cm wide à 6cm thick
less than 648 cm^3 because its not a perfect cube
Roughly the size of ones clinched fist
Located in the mediastynum
2/3 of it lies to the left of the bodies midline
1/3 of it lies to the right of the bodies midline
Posterior to the sternum
Anterior to the vertebrae & descending aorta & esophagus
Parietal pericardium adheres to the diaphragm
Medial to the lungs
Endocardium
Fibrous tissue that supports the endothelium
Inner most layer that lines the heart
Myocardium
CT & cardiac muscles
Supports lymph
Thinner in the walls of the Atrias
Right Ventricle 1/3 inch thick
Left Ventricle 1 inch thick
Arrangement of whirls helps to empty blood
Not smooth
Trabeculae carneae
are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the whole of the inner surface of the ventricle
Capillary bed
A dense network of tiny blood vessels that enables blood to fill a tissue or organ
Epicardium
Visceral layer of pericardium
the outermost of the three layers of tissue that form the heart wall
The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart
Parietal cardium
Outer layer of pericardium
forms the sac and is lined with a serous membrane. Also called heart sac
Pericardial cavity
Lies between the epicardium and parietal cardium
Serous or watery membrane
Serous fluid is used as lubrication for the heart
Provides almost 0 friction
4 chambers to the Heart
2 atrium both are superior used to receive blood
2 ventricles both are inferior use to pump blood away
the hearts veins & artery locations
Coronary sulcus
Lies between the atrium & ventricle
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Between the ventricles
Posterior interventricularu sulcus
Between the ventricles
RIGHT ATRIUM
Gets blood returning from systemic route
3 openings
Superior vena cava
Superior & posterior
Returns blood from shoulders and up
Directed downward
No valve
Inferior vena cava
Posterior & inferior
Directed upward
Brings in blood from the trunk down
Has foramen ovale
Fossa ovalus forms after birth
Eustachion valve
Only seems to be active while a fetus
No known function for adults
Coronary Sinus
Large veinous
Brings blood back to the heart from the heart
Thebesian valve
RIGHT VENTRICLE
Opening between the right atrium & right ventricle
Controlled by Tricuspid valve
Tough fibrous tissue
Opens during diastole (relaxation)
Closes duing systole (contraction)
Preventing backflow
Has 3 chordae tendoneae
Attached to 3 papillary muscles
Opens to pulmonary trunk
Flow controlled by pulmonary semilunar valve
LEFT ATRIUM
Small in size
Walls are thicker than right atrium
4 pulmonary veins
No valves
LEFT VENTRICLE
Same size as right ventricle
Walls are 3x thicker than the right side
To accommodate the higher pressure needed
Opening between left ventricle & atrium
Controlled by Bicuspid valve (mitral)
2 flaps
2 tendons
2 papillary muscles
All stronger and thicker than the right ventricle
Pumps into the aorta
Controlled by Aortic Semilunar Valve
Opens with systole
Aortic sinuses
For coronary arteries
Receives blood in Diastole
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