Friday, August 27, 2010

2 weeks worth of notes in anatomy

Term Definition
Medial  Toward the midline of the body
Lateral  Away from the midline of the body
Proximal  Toward a reference point (extremity)
Distal  Away from a reference point (extremity)
Inferior  Lower or below
Superior  Upper or above
Cephalad or Cranial  Head
Caudal or Caudad  Tail, tail end
Anterior  Toward the front
Posterior  Toward the back
Dorsal  Posterior (back)
Ventral  Anterior (front)
Coronal Plane or Frontal Plane Divides Anterior and Posterior
Sagittal Plane or Lateral Plane Divides Body into Left and Righ halves
Axial Plane or Transverse Plane Divides body into superior and inferior
Ipsilateral on the same side as another structure. Thus, the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg
Contralateral on the opposite from another structure. Thus, the left arm is contralateral to the right arm, or the right leg
Superficial near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer. The opposite is "deep", or "visceral"
Deep further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. 
Intermediate between two other structures. Thus, the navel is intermediate to (or intermediate between) the left arm and the contralateral (right) leg
Visceral associated with organs within the body's cavities. The stomach is a viscus within the abdominal cavity, and is covered with a lining called the visceral peritoneum.
Parietal pertaining to the wall of a body cavity. The parietal peritoneum is the lining on the inside of the abdominal cavity
Axial Towards the central axis of the organism or an extremity.
Abaxial away from the central axis of the organism or extremity
Rostral situated toward the oral or nasal region, or in the case of the brain, towards the tip of the frontal lobes.
Caudal  of, at, or near the tail or the posterior end of the body. In the human case, towards the bottom of the feet - "tail" of the spinal cord
Plantar Sole of the Foot
Palmar Palm of the Hand
Supine Lying on back -- Face up
Prone Lying on stomach -- Face down
Cranial Cavity Dorsal cavity containing the skull
Vertebral Cavity Dorsal cavity containing the vertebral column and spinal cord
Intracellular Fluid Fluid inside of the cell
Extracellular Fluid Intercellular & Intravascullar --  Fluid outside the cell and surrounding enviroment
Osmosis movement of water molecules across a partially-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. More specifically, it is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration) PASSIVE
Solution Product of Solute and Solvent
Solute What is being dissolved
Solvent What does the dissolving -- Water most Common
Tonicity % of Solute in a Solution -- Solute / (Solvent+Solute)
Isotonic 0 NET movement (= parts of water moving in AND out) PASSIVE
Hypertonic Water leaving the cell -- Crenation (cell shrinks) PASSIVE
Hypotonic Water enters the cell -- Lysis (Cell fattens) PASSIVE
Facilated Diffusion the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane transport proteins
Sieve a pressure gradient filter that filters molecules by size  -- smaller molecules are more likely to get through
ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate -- the Cells storage form of energy
Passive Transport Diffusion with the gradient (from High to Low) of chemical/ions/molecules by random movements continues until equilibrium is met
Active Transport Uses energy (ATP) and a carrier to take a chemical/ion/molecule AGAINST the gradient (Low to High) using a carrier (Protiens usually)
Endocytosis Incorporates large molecules into the cell using a vesicle and requiring energy 
Phagocytosis Cell eating - items outside the cell are brought in using "False Feet" Used mainly by the immune system to remove pathogens (Form of endocytosis)
Pinocytosis Cell drinking - the cell sinks into itself to bring in Extracellular Fluids and less molecules (form of endocytosis)
Exocytosis Opposite of Endocytosis -- Removes large molecules using a vesicle and reuires energy
Cytosol Inside cell membrane (not the nuclear membrane) 70-90% water viscous clear fluid that contains the organelles also were new substances can be made
Centrosome Dense region of cytoplasm - Contains 2 perpendicular centrioles - sets up cells to help divide - can form cilia (short multiples) or flagelum (long single)
Ribosome Large and small units where Protien synthesis occurs
Endoplasmic Reticulum forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells. Rough endoplasmic reticulums synthesize proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids, and regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins
Golgi Complex Attach to secreted molecules (protiens lipids) to package and deliver them elsewhere within the cell
Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes to destroy what cell doesn’t need can also destroy the cell itself (autolysis)
Mitochondria Power house of the cell - Rod or spherical shaped with a smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane (cristae) ground substance is called the matrix -- Catabolic reactions release energy wich is then made into ATP -- self reproducing DNA that is passed down from only the mother
Nucleus Control Center of the cell has a nuclear envelope ground substance is called karyolymph - Chromatin loosely packed chromosones (DNA and histones)
Vegitative cell that does not divide
Inclusions non living Organic chemicals that appear and disappear over a cells life (oils pigments glycogens)
Interphase divided into three phases, G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2  (second gap). During all three phases, the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. However, chromosomes are replicated only during the S phase. Thus, a cell grows (G1), continues to grow as it duplicates its chromosomes (S), grows more and prepares for mitosis (G2), and finally divides starting Mitosis
Mitosis the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components = 2 identical nuclei
Prophase the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome in which the chromatin becomes visible
Metaphase Pairs of Chromatids line up on the equitorial plane spindle fibers appear from centrioles
Anaphase Sister Chromatids separate - 1 chromatid of each pair goes to the opposite pole (cytokinesis begins)
Telophase Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear chromosones loosen and uncoil fading back to chromatin
Meiosis A reduction division - DNA still replicated but division occurs 2x cutting the number of chromosones per cell in half -- produces 4 gametes
Prophase I Synapsis (pairing of homologeous chromosones) occurs -- Produces a tetrad (4 chromosones) Crossing over occurs at random between the chromosones (which is where genetic diversity comes from)
Metaphase I Each pair of chromosones line up on the equitorial plane at random
Anaphase I Each pair of chromosones is pulled to opposite side ALL CELLS ARE HAPLOID DURING AND PAST THIS STAGE
Telophase I Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear chromosones loosen and uncoil fading back to chromatin
Prophase II the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome in which the chromatin becomes visible
Metaphase II Pairs of Chromatids line up on the equitorial plane spindle fibers appear from centrioles
Anaphase II Sister Chromatids separate - 1 chromatid of each pair goes to the opposite pole (cytokinesis begins)
Telophase II Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear chromosones loosen and uncoil fading back to chromatin
Spermatogenisis starts at puberty and usually continues uninterrupted until death -- male version of meiosis that produces 4 sperm
Oogenesis the creation of an ovum (egg cell). It is the female form
Uneven Cytokinesis Oogenesis (A case of uneven cytokinesis)
Cell Junctions
Fluid Tight Junction that has a fluid tight membrane
Anchoring Adherens and Desmosomes -- Hold cells in place used in places that expect wear and tear
Gap Allow electrical and chemical signals to pass
Tissue collection of similarly specialized cells that carry out a specific function
Epithelial Found on coverings, linings and glands cells are tightly packed together with only a light layer of fluid no products. They always rest on a basement membrane which attaches it to underlying tissues -- it is avscular, wastes go to the basement by diffusion. New cells are created at the basement which forces older cells to the top
Squamous Flat tile Shaped Cells
Cuboidal Shaped like a Cube
Columnar Shaped like a Column
Transitional Can change shape to help with distension and expansion (urinary bladder)
Lumen Is the interior linning of a vessel -- Bloodvessel lining is called Endothelium
Simple 1 layer
Stratofied more than 1 layer
Cilia small protuberances from the cell that aid in movement of extracellular molecules (such as mucus)
Psuedostratofied All cells sit on the membrane but no all the cells reach the top surface
Chromatids Identical chromosones attached to each other at a DNA element -- the Centromere
Nuclear Envelope double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear envelope also serves as the physical barrier, separating the contents of the nucleus (DNA in particular) from the cytosol 
Chromosones DNA and Histones