Endocrine system
Continues to grow the more we understand it
Maintains homeostasis
Communication
Integration
Control
Detects imbalances
Hormones act as messengers
Hormones regulate a wide variety of bodily functions
Small amounts of hormones in the body
Hormones get moved around by the blood
Slow response, yet is long lasting
No ducts
Common endocrine organs
Hypophysis cerebris (pituitary gland)
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pineal
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes
Kidney
Thymus
Pituitary gland
Small .5g
Below brain in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
8 different hormones
Cause wide range of activities
2 lobes
Arising from different tissues
Act as different glands
Adenohypophysis
Anterior side
Typical gland
6 hormones
1 prolactin (lactogenic)
Stimulates production of milk
2 Growth hormone (somatotropin)
Promotes protein synthesis
More cell divisions + bigger cells
Dominate in skeletal and fat cells
Tropic hormones (cause other glands to produce its hormones)
3 Thyroid stimulating (TSH)
4 adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) adrenal cortex – Glucocorticoid
Gonadotropic
5 follicle stimulating (FSH)
6 luetinizing hormone (LH)
Hypothalamus regulates
Nuerohypophysis
Holds ADH & oxytocin
Both produced by nuclei in hypothalamus
ADH & oxytocin are just released from here
Thyroid
Below larynx
In front of trachea
Bi-lobbed gland
Rich blood supply
Follicular cells
Produces thyroid hormones
Increases Ca in blood
By removing Ca from bone
Parafollicular cells
Produce thyrocalcitonin
Decreases Ca in blood
Deposits on bone
Triiodothryronine
Tetraiodothyronine
Colloid storage
Regulates metabolism
Essential for proper growth & development
Traps iodine
Parathyroid
Produces parathyroid hormone
Increases blood Ca
Adrenal/Suprarenal gland
2 parts
Each part functions as its own gland
Outer cortex (life essential)
Gland tissue
Produces steroids
Starts with cholesterol
Mineralcorticoid
Aldosterone
Tells kidneys to re-absorb Na
Increases BP
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Normal glucose metabolism
BACKUP for adrenal medulla
Inner medulla
Nervous tissue
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Both prepare body for stress
Fight or flight response
Regulates metabolism
Handles stress
Pancreas
Islands of endocrine cells
β cells produce Insulin
Decreases blood sugar
α cells produces Glucogon
increases blood sugar
Pineal gland
Part of diencephalon
Secretes melatonin
Body clock
Circadian rythym
Possible plays a role in the female reproductive system
Season affective disorder (SAD)
Mild depression in winter
Thymus
2 hormones
Thymosin
Thymopoesin
Involved in production of T-Cells
Reproductive hormone
Male
FSH
Stimulates seminiferous tubules
LH
Stimulates Interstitial cells to produce androgen
Female
FSH
Stimulate growth of follicle
Follicle then produces estrogen
LH
Causes release of 2nd oocyte
Estrogen levels decrease for a short time
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