Week 5

Skeletal System	Bones, Cartilage & its Articulations -- Provides shape support protection, provides a system of levers -- Red bone marrow produces red blood cells -- Acts as a resivior for calcium and Potassium -- Constantly changing and remodeling
Osteology	Scientific study of bones
Arthrology	Scientific study of articulations
Endoskeleton	Skeleton is held entirely within soft tissues -- Living -- grows self -repairing and regenerates
Exoskeleton	Skeleton this is most external -- an outside covering
Compact Bone	central canal for blood capillaries and the concentric osseous lamellae in compact bone -- osteons lacunae osteocytes
Spongy Bone	Delicate lattice work of trabeculae that contains marrow
Long Bone	longer than they are wide, and grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at the ends of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with a hyaline cartilage ("articular cartilage")
Epiphysis	mostly spongy bone with a compact bone covering -- at the ends of long bones
Diaphysis	Shaft of long bone -- contains medullary cavity which contains red bone marrow for red blood cell production -- red marrow slowly turns to yellow marrow with age
Metaphysis	Is between Epiphysis and diaphysis -- wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate It is this part of the bone that grows during childhood; as it grows, it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses. At roughly 18 to 25 years of age, the metaphysis stops growing altogether and completely ossifies into solid bone
Epiphyseal plate	Growth plate that osifies at puberty
Articular cartilage	Hyaline cartilage to join adjacent bones
------------- Bone Markings -----------	-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suture	Line of union between bones -- notably in cranial bones an its 4 main sutures
Fissure	narrow cleft like opening/passageway for nerves and blood vessels
Foramen	Hole or opening for blood vessels nerves and muscles
Meatus	Canal or Tube Shaped opening
Sulcus	flat broad -- groove or furrow to accommodate a soft structure
Fossa	Deppresion in bone
Fobia	Tiny depression in bone
Sinus	Air filled cavity withing a cavity -- Paranasals
Condyle	Large rounded articular prominence
Head	rounded articular region supported by the neck of the bone
Facet	Smooth flat articulating surface
Tubercle	small rounded knoblike process
Tuberosity	Rough large rounded process
Trochanter	Large blunt projection -- femur only
Crest	Prominent boder or ridge
Line	less prominent border or ridge
Spine	Sharp Slender process
Epicondyle	projection above a condyle for attachment
-------------------------------------------	------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remodleling	Growth and shrinkage of bone -- increases circumference -- old bone constantly being removed for new bone to replace it
Osteoblast	form/create new bone tissue -- found in osteogenic layer or periosteum
Osteoclast	Breaks down bone
Bone health	Vitamin A, C, D, Calcium Potassium Hormones calcitonen (thyroid to increase & parathyroid to decrease) Wieght bearing exercise
calcitonen	decreases Calcium in blood and increases Osteoblasts --> Via Thryroid  --- Parathyroid increases Calcium in blood and decreases Osteoblasts
Rickets	Deffeciency of Vitamin D in children -- can be due to malnutrition
Osteomalacia	Bone Softening in adults demineralized -- can be due to lack of sunligh --> lack of vitamin D
Osteomylitis	Inflamation of bone -- infection in bone
Osteoporosis	Pourous weakened bones usually occurs with age due to lack of protein production of bone decreases with age
Long Bone	longer than they are wide, and grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at the ends of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with a hyaline cartilage ("articular cartilage")
Short Bone	intended for strength and compactness combined with limited movement -- as being approximately as wide as they are tall
Flate Bone	found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment, the bones are expanded into broad, flat plates
Irregular Bone	Bones that do not fall into any other category due to irregular shape
Axial Skeleton	80 total -- 29 Skull -- 26 Vertebrae -- 24 Ribs -- 1 Sternum
Appendicular Skeleton	126 total -- 4 Pectoral Girdle -- 60 Upper Limbs -- 2 Pelvic Girdle -- 60 Lower limbs
Skull	8 total bones -- single and paired bones
Frontal	Single Bone -- Starts as 2 bones and fuses early in life -- Forehead -- Anterior superior of orbital socket -- contains a sinus
Occipital	Single Bone -- Posterior and Inferior where spinal cord enters the brain
Ethmoid	Single Bone -- Complex light delicate -- contains a sinus -- part of the orbital bone -- perpindicular plate forms top of nose -- Superior  and middle nasal conchi
Sphenoid	Single Bone -- Contains a sinus -- bat shaped -- articulates with all other cranial bones -- sella turcia holds pituitary gland
Parietal	Paired bones -- large flat -- superior side walls and roof of skull
Temporal	Paired Bones -- Complex inferior side walls -- external auditory meatus -- mastoid process and zygomatic process for muscle attachments
Coronal Suture	Frontal & Parietal line of attachment
Sagittal Suture	2 parietal line of attachment
Lambdoid Suture	Occipital & Parietal line of attachment
Squamous Suture	Temporal & Parietal line of attachment
Facial Bones	14 paired and single bones
Mandible	Single Bone --Lower jaw -- largest and strongest in the face -- aveolis contain teeth -- horizontal part of mandible = body -- perpendicular = ramus -- place where ramus and body meet = Angle
Vomer	Single Bone -- Blade shaped bone -- posterior inferior of nose
Maxilla	Paired Bones -- Upper jaw and floor of the eye orbit -- nasal wall -- contains a sinus -- does not articulate with a mandible
Zygomatic	Paired Bones -- Prominence of Cheek -- part of eye orbit -- temporal process + zygomatic process = zygomatic arch
Nasal	Paired Bones -- articulate on bridge of nose
Lacrimal	Paired Bones -- Lacrimal duct lightest most delicate of face
Palatine	Paired Bones -- Hard Pallatte -- L shapped -- upward part helps with nasal bone -- horizontal plate forms posterior roof of the mouth
Inferior Nasal Conchi	Paired Bones -- Scroll shaped that project into nasal passageway lateral cartilage
Ear Canal Bones	Paired Bones -- Malleus Incus & Stapes
Hyoid	Horeshoe shaped -- connected to the tounge -- no articulation with any other bone held in by cartilage and muscle
Vertebrae	7 Cervical - 12 Thorassic -- 5 Lumbar -- 5 Sacrum -- 4 coccyx
Vertbrae Body	Load Bearing structure of the vertbrae
Vertbral Arch	Forms vertebral Foramen for spinal cord
Spinous Process	Muscle attachement for vertebrae
Transverse Process	articulates with rib tubercle
Facets	Smooth flat articulating surface
Demifacets	Superior and Inferior on vertebrae that articulate with rib head
Infererior articular facet	articulates with vertebrae below
Superior articular facet	articulates with vertebrae above
Atlas C1	Superior facets with occipital condyle -- easily fractured -- allows vertical movement - yes movement
Axis C2	Dens Process that allows for horizontal movement - no movement
Sacrum	vertebrae support base
Coccyx	Tailbone
Thorax	12 pair of ribs -- first 7 are true ribs which are attached to the sternum via costal cartilage -- last 5 ribs are false ribs
True Rib	first 7 pair of ribs vertebral sternal
False Rib	last 5 pair of ribs -- First 3 pair indirectly attach to the sternum last 2 pair are freely floating with no attachment
Rib	Wedge shaped head supported by a neck -- body/shaft is the main bulk of the rib -- costal arch is the arch that heads toward the vertebrae
Sternum	Flat medial bone with 3 regions -- Manubrium body and zyphoid
Manubrium	most superior -- suprasternal notch -- clavicular notch -- 1st and 2nd ribs -- sternal angle articulates with rest of sternum
body	Middle of sternum -- rib attachments
Zyphoid	Occifies ~ 40 and becomes bone -- attachment for abdominal muscles
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle	Clavicle + Scapula
Scapula	Triangle Shaped -- Spinous process & supraspinous an subspinous fossa on posterior surface -- Subscapular on anterior surface -- Acromion slightly flaring process at lateral end of spine -- glenoid cavity fossa forming socket for head of humerus -- coracoid process beak like projection on anterior surface for muscle attachement
Clavicle	long slender S shaped -- Medial end = Sternal end  -- lateral end = Acromial end -- only bony connection to axial skeleton so it needs a strong fibrocartilage pad that allows for greater range of movement