tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66861843762341090332024-03-14T04:23:36.112-05:00Quantum Mental Entanglementa place for me to write and store information and notes I've collected and taken from classes that pertain the nursing field but as the title might suggest I have some intriguing interestsBloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-41793896230809704472011-08-17T01:57:00.003-05:002011-08-17T02:27:31.228-05:00test run<a href="https://skydrive.live.com/?cid=f0a6e83c44d82063&sc=documents&nl=1&uc=50&id=F0A6E83C44D82063%21283#">chapter 1</a>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-21199082948030822512011-01-21T19:01:00.001-06:002011-01-28T10:31:36.164-06:00start of physiology<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pathophysiology</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Study of the changes of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>by a disease, or resulting from an abnormal syndrome</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Physiology</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Physiology is the study of normal, healthy bodily function</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Comparative Physiology</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Studies and exploits the diversity of functional characteristics of various kinds of organisms</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Metabolism</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All chemical changes in the body, happens in the cell</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Anabolism</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Synthesis process</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Forming molecules <u><span style="color: red;">using energy</span></u></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Catabolism</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Breakdown</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Splits molecules <u><span style="color: red;">releasing energy</span><span style="color: #c00000;"></span></u></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Homeostasis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Balance of optimum amounts of gases, nutrients, ions, temp, & pressure in the ECF</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ECF = extra cellular fluid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Outside the cell</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Intercellular fluids & plasma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dynamic balance</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Changes in the amounts is constantly changing to be kept within an acceptable range</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Imbalance of homeostasis leads to disease and/or death</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Stress</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stimulus that causes an imbalance in homeostasis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Most are mild & routine which the body is used to handling</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2 control groups for homeostasis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nervous system</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Endocrine system</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Both make changes in rates at which things change</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nervous system</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rapid response</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Using both sensory and motor neurons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Endocrine system</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Slow response</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Lasts longer</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Feedback system</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Circular system</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Status is continually fed back to control region which send out info to maintain or <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>change current trends in homeostasis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Negative feedback</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>More common than positive feedback</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Is a reversal</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Example </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>blood sugar is too high</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Insulin is released to bring blood sugar down to normal range</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Positive feedback</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Increases or maintains the current amount in the body</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Organic Chemistry</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4 groups of organic compounds in the body</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Long chain compounds</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Carbs</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lipids</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Proteins</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nucleic Acids</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Carbs</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Starches & sugars</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Will end with –ose</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Monosaccharide (simple sugars)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Glucose</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fructose</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Galactose</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Sucrose</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Easily broken down</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Easy release of energy</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Glycogen</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Storage form of carbs</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Branched Polysaccharide </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Starch</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Linear polysaccharide of several glucose molecules</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Plants storage form of carbs</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cellulose</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Plant cell walls</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Polymer of glucose</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Humans can’t break it down due to lack of an enzyme</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dehydration synthesis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Example</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Glucose + Glucose </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Maltose + water<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Maltose is a disaccharide</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hydrolysis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>chemical process in which a certain molecule is split into two parts by the addition of a <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>molecule of water</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Example</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Maltose + water = Glucose + Glucose</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dehydration synthesis & Hydrolysis are both usually completely reversible with one another</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Extra example</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hydrolysis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lactose + water </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Glucose + Galactose</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dehydration</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Glucose + Galactose </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Lactose + water</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>+ 60<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 12H<sub>2</sub>0 + Energy</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lipids</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Insoluble</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Less oxygen in the molecule than carbs</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Richest source of energy in the body</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Harder to break down and release the energy</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Packs, fills and shapes the body</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Triglycerides</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Glycerol + 3 fatty acids</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Long chain</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Saturated = full of single bonded Hydrogen</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Dehydration synthesis yields 3 waters</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sterols </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Subgroup of the steroids and an important class of organic molecules</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The most familiar type of animal sterol being cholesterol</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cholesterol is vital to cellular function, and a precursor to fat-soluble vitamins and steroid <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hormones</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prostaglandin</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membrane associated lipids</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Local/tissue hormone</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Work in the area produced</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Most often associated with pain stressors</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Proteins</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen – sometimes sulfur and phosphorus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Amino acid base</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>NH<sub>2</sub> = Amino</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>COH = Acid</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>R group is the functional group that changes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Generally a polymer</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Uses dehydration synthesis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Forms 3 peptide bonds and 3 waters</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Di peptide</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4 levels of structure</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Linear arrangement</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The amino acid sequence</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Special orientation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>H-O weak polar bonds here</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>pH or temp can break the bonds</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Overall structure</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Several proteins</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>More than 1 polypeptide chain</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Enzymes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Catalyst speeds up rate of reaction without changing</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>A catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Given the ending of –ase</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nucleic Acids</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DNA deoxyribonucleic acid</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RNA ribonucleic acid</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nucleotide</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>5 carbon sugar</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Ribose = RNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Deoxyribose = DNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Has a phosphate group</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And base group</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Guanine</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cytosine</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Thymine </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> DNA only</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Adenine</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Uracil </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> RNA only</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DNA codes for protein synthesis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DNA & RNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Base unit is a nucleotide</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Nitrogen base</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Characteristics reflected by DNA & RNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Genome </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>All your DNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Gene</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Unit of heredity </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Denoted by regions</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Genotype</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Genetic makeup</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Phenotype</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>What you can actually see</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ATP</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Storage form of energy</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>5 carbon sugar</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Adenosine + 3 phosphate groups</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>High energy bonds </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>6x energy for the first phosphate group released (diphosphate now)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>4x for 2<sup>nd</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">DNA replication</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Occurs during interphase</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Forms a replication fork <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">λ</span> shaped</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Where DNA is synthesized</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Each strand acts as a template</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Semi conservative replication</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Enzymatic process</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>DNA polymerase adds bases</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Primer starts</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Short RNA molecule</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Complimentary to strand</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">RNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Single strand & helical</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bases dictated by DNA, making it complimentary to a DNA strand</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thymine is replaced by Uracil</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Involved in protein synthesis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3 types formed same way</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Each type serves a different function</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RNA polymerase</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Adds bases to RNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transcription</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>DNA </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> RNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Enzymatic process</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>DNA to complimentary RNA strand</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>The process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Starts at a Promoter site</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Ends at a terminator site</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Produces mRNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Translation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>mRNA to protein production</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Occurs in the cytosol with ribosomes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>The ribosome facilitates decoding by inducing the binding of tRNAs with complementary <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>anticodon sequences to that of the mRNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>tRNA activates with ATP</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>codon</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>triplet of bases on mRNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>used to translate into particular proteins</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>nonsense codons are used as stop sites</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anticodon</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Triplet of bases on tRNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Complimentary to mRNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nonsense codon</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Stop site</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ribosomes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Small unit </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Binding site for RNA</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Large unite</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>2 parts</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The A site binds an amino acid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>The P site binds a peptide</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mutation</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Permanent change in genetic code (DNA)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Can happen over time or suddenly</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Can be good or bad</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Point mutation</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Single DNA base changed</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>3 types</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Substitution </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Swaps a base for another</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Addition</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Adds in a base & causes a frame shift outward</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Subtraction</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Subtracts a base & causes a frame shift inwards</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recombination</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Chromosome crossing over with a different homologous pair</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Metabolism</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Glucose Oxidation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>+ 60<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 12H<sub>2</sub>0 + Energy</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Energy of activation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Catalyst</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Can lower the energy that must be overcome</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Speeds up rate of reaction</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Does not alter temperature pressure or pH</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Can be very specific or general</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u><span style="color: red;">In the animal Enzymes are protein catalysts</span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Enzymes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Have ideal operating zones regarding temperature pH and pressures</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Maximum rate is also when saturated with substrates</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apo Enzymes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Dormant</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Must combine with a cofactor or substrate</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cofactor</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Organic compound for animals</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Cofactors include NADH, NADPH and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Active site</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Where enzyme reacts with substrates</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Lock and key method of reacting</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Reactants must fit the enzyme to have the process completed</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metabolic pathways</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Several catalizations to get to the final product</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Oxidation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Removes oxygen, hydrogen and/or electrons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Can be called cellular respiration</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Occurs in every cell</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Is what releases ATP</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Reduction</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Adds oxygen, hydrogen and/or electrons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Paired/coupled reactions</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Example:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cellular respiration is the oxidation of glucose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>) to CO<sub>2</sub> and the <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>reduction of oxygen to water. The summary equation for cell respiration is</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6 O<sub>2</sub> → 6 CO<sub>2</sub> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Catabolism</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>A release of energy</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anabolism</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Used the energy released by catabolism</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Glucose </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> glycogen = Glycogenesis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Glycogen </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Glucose = Glycolysis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>acetyl-CoA </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Fats = Lipogenesis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>triglycerides </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">free fatty acids = Lipolysis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>non carb </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> glucose = Gluconeogenesis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3 pathways<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for glucose oxidation</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Glycolysis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Krebs cycle</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Electron transport series (ETS)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Glycolysis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Anaerobic</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Occurs in the cytoplasm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Starts with glucose C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>10 reactions</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Each catalyzed by a different enzyme</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>2 ATP required for energy of activation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Yields</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2 pyruvic acids</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>4 ATP</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2 NADH</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transitioning to Krebs Cycles</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Takes those 2 pyruvic acids formed from glycolysis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Moves then into the mitochondria</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Forms Acetyl Coenzyme A</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>In the process it losses a Carbon to form CO2 waste byproduct</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yields</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2 NADH</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Krebs Cycle</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Yields</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>6 NADH</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>4 CO<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2 FADH</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2 ATP</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Electron Transfer Series</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yields</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>30 ATP </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> from NADH; each NADH yield 3 ATP in ETS</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>4 ATP<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> from FADH; each FADH yields 2 ATP in ETS</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Totaling 38 ATP gain from 1 glucose molecule</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(34 from ETS & 4 from glycolysis)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Glycogenesis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Process of making glycogen</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>500g is usual storage</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stored in skeletal and cardiac muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Insulin triggers the storing</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lipogenesis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stored as fatty acid from sugar</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Starts from insulin</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Creates largest reserve of energy in the body</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fat yields 9kCal/gram</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Carbs yield 4kCal/gram</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lipase splits fatty acids off of glycerol</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lipolysis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Beta Oxidation)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Splits long chain fatty acids into 2 Carbon pairs</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Occurs in the mitochondria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to generate Acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule for the Krebs cycle.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nervous system</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/animation__the_nerve_impulse.html</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><u><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Na<sup>+</sup> + <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na<sup>+</sup></span></u></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><u><span style="font-family: Calibri;">K<sup>+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>K<sup>+</sup></span></u></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Na<sup>+</sup> + <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na<sup>+</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+ </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pump helps maintain the neurons resting potential</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Resting potential is ~ 70 millivolts (mv)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">An action potential = axon stimulus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Allows Na into the cell causing depolarization</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After the impulse passes K moves out of the cell to repolarize</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Short refractory period after repolarization when the cell cannot allow another impulse</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Na is moving back out and K is moving back in</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Synaptic End bulb</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ca<sup>++</sup> moves into the bulb to help pull synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic cleft</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ACh is the neurotransmitter </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>AChE removes ACh</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The action can be to stimulate or to inhibit</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Liminal stimulus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A stimulus sufficient enough to cause a contraction</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Subliminal</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A Stimulus not sufficient enough to cause a contraction</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Neurons obey the All-or-None law</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meaning a stimulus above the threshold will give the maximum reaction</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And a stimulus below the threshold will get nothing</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Medulla oblongata</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mostly white matter</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reticular formation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>White and grey matter mixed together</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nuclei for vital centers</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Respiratory</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cardiac</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>vasomotor</span></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-55550092333652512662011-01-18T22:26:00.000-06:002011-01-18T22:26:06.741-06:00About time to get this started up again for Physiologymore notes to be added from Doc Coakly class to be added soon but in the meantime<br />
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<object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/PrmAJiwOjNI?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/PrmAJiwOjNI?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object><br />
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<object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/jKJXadj8ND4?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0x006699&color2=0x54abd6"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/jKJXadj8ND4?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0x006699&color2=0x54abd6" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-18278419711255105582010-12-13T19:25:00.001-06:002010-12-13T19:25:26.859-06:00Endocrine system<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Endocrine system</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Continues to grow the more we understand it</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maintains homeostasis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Communication</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Integration</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Control</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Detects imbalances</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Hormones act as messengers</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Hormones regulate a wide variety of bodily functions</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Small amounts of hormones in the body</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Hormones get moved around by the blood</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Slow response, yet is long lasting</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No ducts</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Common endocrine organs</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hypophysis cerebris (pituitary gland)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thyroid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Parathyroid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pineal</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adrenal</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pancreas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ovary</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Testes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kidney</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thymus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pituitary gland</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Small .5g</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Below brain in sella turcica of sphenoid bone</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8 different hormones </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cause wide range of activities</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2 lobes </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Arising from different tissues</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Act as different glands</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adenohypophysis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Anterior side</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Typical gland</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>6 hormones</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>1 prolactin (lactogenic)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Stimulates production of milk</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2 Growth hormone (somatotropin)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Promotes protein synthesis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>More cell divisions + bigger cells</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Dominate in skeletal and fat cells</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Tropic hormones (cause other glands to produce its hormones)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>3 Thyroid stimulating (TSH)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>4 adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) adrenal cortex – Glucocorticoid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Gonadotropic</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>5 follicle stimulating (FSH)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>6 luetinizing hormone (LH)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Hypothalamus regulates</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nuerohypophysis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Holds ADH & oxytocin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Both produced by nuclei in hypothalamus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ADH & oxytocin are just released from here</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Thyroid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Below larynx</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In front of trachea</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bi-lobbed gland</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rich blood supply</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Follicular cells</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Produces thyroid hormones</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Increases Ca in blood</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>By removing Ca from bone</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Parafollicular cells</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Produce thyrocalcitonin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Decreases Ca in blood</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Deposits on bone</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Triiodothryronine</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tetraiodothyronine</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Colloid storage</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Regulates metabolism</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Essential for proper growth & development</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Traps iodine</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Parathyroid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Produces parathyroid hormone</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Increases blood Ca</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Adrenal/Suprarenal gland</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2 parts</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Each part functions as its own gland</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Outer cortex (life essential)</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Gland tissue</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Produces steroids</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Starts with cholesterol</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Mineralcorticoid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Aldosterone</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Tells kidneys to re-absorb Na</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Increases BP</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Glucocorticoids</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Cortisol (hydrocortisone)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Normal glucose metabolism </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="color: red;">BACKUP</span> for adrenal medulla</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inner medulla</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Nervous tissue</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Epinephrine</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Norepinephrine</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Both prepare body for stress</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Fight or flight response</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Regulates metabolism</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Handles stress</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pancreas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Islands of endocrine cells</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">β</span> cells produce Insulin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Decreases blood sugar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">α</span> cells produces Glucogon</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>increases blood sugar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pineal gland</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Part of diencephalon</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secretes melatonin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Body clock</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Circadian rythym</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Possible plays a role in the female reproductive system</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Season affective disorder (SAD)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Mild depression in winter</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Thymus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2 hormones</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thymosin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thymopoesin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Involved in production of T-Cells</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Reproductive hormone</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Male</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>FSH</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Stimulates seminiferous tubules</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>LH</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Stimulates Interstitial cells to produce androgen</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Female</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>FSH</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Stimulate growth of follicle</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Follicle then produces estrogen</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>LH</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Causes release of 2<sup>nd</sup> oocyte</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Estrogen levels decrease for a short time</span></span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-20392786496765616472010-12-04T17:58:00.000-06:002010-12-04T17:58:17.624-06:00Cranial Nerves Need to Know<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 813px;"><colgroup><col style="mso-width-alt: 1792; mso-width-source: userset; width: 37pt;" width="49"><col style="mso-width-alt: 5339; mso-width-source: userset; width: 110pt;" width="146"><col style="mso-width-alt: 2889; mso-width-source: userset; width: 59pt;" width="79"><col style="mso-width-alt: 19712; mso-width-source: userset; width: 404pt;" width="539"></colgroup><tbody>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"><td class="xl67" colspan="4" height="20" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 15pt; width: 610pt;" width="813"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"><strong>List of cranial nerves</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"><td class="xl63" height="20" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 15pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"><strong></strong></span></td><td class="xl63" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"><strong></strong></span></td><td class="xl63" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"><strong></strong></span></td><td class="xl63" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"><strong></strong></span></td></tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"><td class="xl64" height="20" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 15pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;">#</span></strong></td><td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; width: 110pt;" width="146"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Name</span></strong></td><td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; width: 59pt;" width="79"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sensory,</span></strong></td><td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; width: 404pt;" width="539"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Function</span></strong></td></tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"><td class="xl64" height="20" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 15pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></strong></td><td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></strong></td><td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Motor</span></strong></td><td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></strong></td></tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15pt;"><td class="xl64" height="20" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 15pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></strong></td><td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></strong></td><td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;">or Both</span></strong></td><td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></strong></td></tr>
<tr height="40" style="height: 30pt;"><td class="xl65" height="40" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 30pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">I</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Olfactory nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Purely Sensory</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Transmits the sense of smell; Located in olfactory foramina in the Cribriform plate of ethmoid</span></td></tr>
<tr height="40" style="height: 30pt;"><td class="xl65" height="40" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 30pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">II</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Optic Nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Purely Sensory</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Transmits visual information to the brain; Located in optic canal</span></td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt;"><td class="xl65" height="60" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 45pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">III</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Oculomotor nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mainly Motor</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Innervates levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique, which collectively perform most eye movements; Also innervates m. sphincter pupillae. Located in superior orbital fissure</span></td></tr>
<tr height="40" style="height: 30pt;"><td class="xl65" height="40" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 30pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">IV</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Trochlear nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mainly Motor</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Innervates the superior oblique muscle, which depresses, rotates laterally (around the optic axis), and intorts the eyeball; Located in superior orbital fissure</span></td></tr>
<tr height="68" style="height: 51pt;"><td class="xl65" height="68" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 51pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">V</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Trigeminal nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Both Sensory and Motor</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Receives sensation from the face and innervates the muscles of mastication; Located in superior orbital fissure (ophthalmic nerve - V<span class="font5"><sub>1</sub></span><span class="font0">), foramen rotundum (maxillary nerve - V</span><span class="font5"><sub>2</sub></span><span class="font0">), and foramen ovale (mandibular nerve - V</span><span class="font5"><sub>3</sub></span><span class="font0">)</span></span></td></tr>
<tr height="40" style="height: 30pt;"><td class="xl65" height="40" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 30pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">VI</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Abducens nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mainly Motor</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Innervates the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye; Located in superior orbital fissure</span></td></tr>
<tr height="100" style="height: 75pt;"><td class="xl65" height="100" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 75pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">VII</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Facial nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Both Sensory and Motor</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and stapedius muscle, receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and provides secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and the lacrimal gland; Located and runs through internal acoustic canal to facial canal and exits at stylomastoid foramen</span></td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt;"><td class="xl65" height="60" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 45pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">VIII</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Vestibulocochlear nerve<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mostly sensory</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Senses sound, rotation and gravity (essential for balance & movement). More specifically. the vestibular branch carries impulses for equilibrium and the cochlear branch carries impulses for hearing.; Located in internal acoustic canal</span></td></tr>
<tr height="100" style="height: 75pt;"><td class="xl65" height="100" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 75pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">IX</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Glossopharyngeal nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Both Sensory and Motor</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland, and provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus. Some sensation is also relayed to the brain from the palatine tonsils. Sensation is relayed to opposite thalamus and some hypothalamic nuclei. Located in jugular foramen</span></td></tr>
<tr height="140" style="height: 105pt;"><td class="xl65" height="140" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 105pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">X</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Vagus nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Both Sensory and Motor</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Supplies branchiomotor innervation to most laryngeal and all pharyngeal muscles (except the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal); provides parasympathetic fibers to nearly all thoracic and abdominal viscera down to the splenic flexure; and receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis. A major function: controls muscles for voice and resonance and the soft palate. Symptoms of damage: dysphagia (swallowing problems), velopharyngeal insufficiency. Located in jugular foramen</span></td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt;"><td class="xl65" height="60" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 45pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">XI</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Accessory nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mainly Motor</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, overlaps with functions of the vagus. Examples of symptoms of damage: inability to shrug, weak head movement; Located in jugular foramen</span></td></tr>
<tr height="80" style="height: 60pt;"><td class="xl65" height="80" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 60pt; width: 37pt;" width="49"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">XII</span></td><td class="xl66" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 110pt;" width="146"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hypoglossal nerve</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 59pt;" width="79"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mainly Motor</span></td><td class="xl65" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; width: 404pt;" width="539"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue (except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus) and other glossal muscles. Important for swallowing (bolus formation) and speech articulation. Located in hypoglossal canal</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-74345393042897984982010-12-04T17:56:00.004-06:002010-12-13T18:23:24.116-06:00Nervous System<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Nervous System</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Respond & act to environment</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memory, thinking, feeling, reasoning</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Biochemical</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Network of nerve cells</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Function to receive assimilate & transport information</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sensory neurons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Come from sense organs</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Go to the central nervous system (CNS)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Afferent</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Internuerons </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Evaluate signal from sensory</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Motornuerons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Carry instructions back to effector organ for action</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Efferent </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CNS = Brain & spinal cord</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">PNS = 31 paired spinal nerves & 12 paired cranial nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Afferent = sensory</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Efferent = motor</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Somatic NS = skeletal muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Autonomic = glands & smooth muscles</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Sympathetic = response to stress (fight or flight reaction)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Parasympathetic = Normal functions</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Neuron</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>transport information</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>excitable</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>conductive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Neuroglia</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>support & nourish neurons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">dendrites</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>carry info to the neuron</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">axons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>carry info away from neuron</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nerve fiber</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>axon unless otherwise specified</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">mylinated axons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>have schwan cells wrapping the axon</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>much faster data transport</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>white matter</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>has nodes of Ranvier</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>small gap between each schwan cell</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">unmylinated </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>slower</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>grey matter</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">synapse </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a region between nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">synaptic end bulb</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">small encapsulated bodies at the end of a nerve</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">synaptic vesicle</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>release ACh (begins synaptic transmission)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>or AChE (ends synaptic transmission)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">axons running same direction are bundled</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">white matter = mylinated axons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">grey matter = unmylinated axons & cell bodies</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bundle of axons outside of CNS</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mylinated or unmylinated</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Tract</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bundle of axons inside the CNS</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Ganglion (grey)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Collection of cell bodies outside the CNS</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Nucleus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Collection of cell bodies inside the CNS</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Spinal Cord</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Starts just as brain stem leaves foramen magnum</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>End at L1~L2</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lower it degrades as Conus medularis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Non nervous tissue from conus to coccyx</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Filum terminale</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">delicate strand of fibrous tissue</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cauda equinae</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>within the lower end of the spinal column</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>The space in which the cerebrospinal fluid is present is actually an extension of <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>the </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarachnoid_space" title="Subarachnoid space"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">subarachnoid space</span></span></a></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cross section of the cord</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anterior median fissure</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Posterior median fissure</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Grey matter appears “H” shapped</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Opening on the crossbar of the H is for the canal</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Divides posterior/anterior commissure</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Canal is cerebrospinalfluid (CSF)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>White matter fills in spaces around the grey matter</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>White matter tracts</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Too brain</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Afferent/sensory</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Away from brain</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Efferent/motor</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Spinal nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Common nerve</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anterior root = motor</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>posterior root = sensory</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The meninges</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the system of membranes which envelopes the central nervous system</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dura mater</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Tough outer membrane covers roots and extends the length of the cord</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sub Dural Space</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Between dura mater and arachnoid</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>For serous fluid to lubricate</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Arachnoid</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Spider like webbing covers roots and extends the length of the cord</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sub arachnoid space</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Contains CSF</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pia mater</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Outer layer of the brain, delicate, attaches by roots of nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Attaches with denticulate ligaments</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bone lined with epidural fat</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Spinal Nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>31 pairs</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8 cervical</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1<sup>st</sup> nerve comes off before 1<sup>st</sup> CSpine</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>12 thoracic</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5 lumbar</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5 sacral</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1 coccyx</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nerves leave between the vertebrae</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>plexus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Regrouping of the nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cervical plexus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>For shoulders and neck</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Brachial plexus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Arm</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Lumbar plexus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Down to lower extremities</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Sacral</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>1<sup>st</sup> 3 join to form sciatic nerve (the largest nerve)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Skin & posterior thigh</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Seat of reflex actions</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Automatic & involuntary</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Simple reflex arc</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Sensory receptor</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Dorsal root</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Association neuron</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Ventral root</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Effector</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Not all stimuli cause a response</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Ex. Inhibition response</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Brain</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the cranial cavity</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ends at foramen magnum</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dominates rest of NS</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Billions of neurons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>More neurological</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1300grams 3pounds</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Females smaller</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Smaller with age</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Neurons only undergo mitosis in prenatal & slightly postnatal</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Roughly full size at age 18</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rapid growth during that first half</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4 principal regions</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cerebrum</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cerebellum</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Diacephalon</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Thalymus + hypothalymus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Brain stem</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Medulla oblongata + pons + mesencephalon (midbrain)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dura mater</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Periosteal layer</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Meningeal layer</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CSF</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>140ml total</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Mostly water</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Protein, glucose, salts, urea</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Produced in choroid plexuses</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Which then goes to</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4 ventricles</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Spaces within the brain</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1 & 2 are lateral</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>3 slit</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4 diamond shaped</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>CSF then goes to central canal & subarachnoid space</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Circulates</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Brain Stem</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Continuous with the spinal cord<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Structurally the same</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Just a slightly different location</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Medulla oblongata</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span>White matter traces</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reticular formation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Interlacement of white and grey mater</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pyramids</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Moving laterally on each side of the medulla oblongata</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Decussion of the pyramids</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Crossing of fibers</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Why left brain controls right side of body & vice versa</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>VITAL control center</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Respiratory </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Medullary rhythmicity</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Keeps breathing in rhythm</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Vasomotor</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Vasoconstriction & dilation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Controls blood pressure</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cardiac center</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Controls rate and strength of contractions</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>NONvital controls</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Coughing</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Sneezing</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Vomiting</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Swallowing</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Hiccups</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>has 9<sup>th</sup> 10<sup>th</sup> 11<sup>th</sup> & 12<sup>th</sup> cranial nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Horizontal groove separates from medulla oblongata</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bridge in structure & function</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Connects forebrain to spinal cord & midbrain</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pnuemotaxic</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apnuetaxic</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Has 5<sup>th</sup> 6<sup>th</sup> 7<sup>th</sup> & 8<sup>th</sup> cranial nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Midbrain</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Below cerebrum</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Above pons</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mostly white matter</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ventral surface</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Cerebral peduncle</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Rope like structures</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Has 3<sup>rd</sup> 4<sup>th</sup> and part of 5<sup>th</sup> cranial nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cranial nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Named by distribution or function</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Can be motor sensory or mixed</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Most are mixed</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cerebellum</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2<sup>nd</sup> largest</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Posterior & inferior</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deep fissures separate into lobes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Vermis hold the 2 hemispheres together</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Grey outside</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>White inside (arbor vitae</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3 functions related to skeletal muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Skilled movements</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Posture</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Coordination/equilibrium/balance</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Diencephalon</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deep within cerebrum</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Midbrain</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thalamus & hypothalamus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Thalamus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Circular</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Major relay for sensory input</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Grey Mater</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Lateral walls of 3<sup>rd</sup> ventricle</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Large axons enter</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Sensory input</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Large axons leave</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Leave to cerebral cortex</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>1 exception is olfactory nerve</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Pain temperature & touch (sensory inputs)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Hypothalamus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Below thalamus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Link between mind and body</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Links nervous & endocrine systems</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>via the pituitary gland</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Pleasure & reward center</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Maintains homeostasis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Coordinator of autonomic (involuntary) activities</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Causes bodily functions to shown as expressions</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Produces ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or vasopressin</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Produces oxytocin</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Plays a central role in the waking state</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, rage, aggression </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>also controls circadian cycles</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>or behavioural processes of living entities</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cerebrum</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Surface is convoluted</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gyris</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Raised area</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sulci</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fissures</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Divides right and left hemispheres</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Corpus callosum connects</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>External grey mater</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Internal white mater</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Deeper has grey islands</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cortex is thin</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Yet has 6 layers</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Made of billions of axons and cell bodies</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4 lobes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Parietal, temporal, frontal, and occipital</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tracts of white mater</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Association tracts</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Connect 1 gyrus to another gyrus in the same hemisphere</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Commissure tract</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Connect 1 gyrus of the right hemisphere to the homologous gyrus on the left <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hemisphere</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Found in the corpus callosum</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3 functions</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Sensory, motor, integrated</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Displays lateralization</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Example is that speech center of the brain is found is the left hemisphere</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cortex</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Responsible for awareness of self, environment, feelings, and other beings</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conscious</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Higher mental processes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Memory</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Logic</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Limbic system</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Wishbone shaped</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Surrounds upper end of brain stem</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Emotional aspects</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Behavior of survival</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Autonomic nervous system (ANS)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Subconscious</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Part of peripheral nervous system (PNS)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Efferent</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Examples</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Dilation of pupil</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Vasoconstriction </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Vasodilation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Heart rate</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2 axons involved</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1<sup>st</sup> preganglionic</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>2<sup>nd</sup> postganglionic</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Can be ACh or NE (norepinephrine)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dual innervation</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Sympathetic & parasympathetic</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Sympathetic</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Near spinal cord</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>So 1<sup>st</sup> axon is short</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2<sup>nd</sup> axon is long</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Parasympathetic</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Near organ</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>1<sup>st</sup> axon is long</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2<sup>nd</sup> axon is short</span></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-12594903957722114122010-12-04T16:42:00.003-06:002010-12-04T16:43:36.965-06:00Reproductive System Finished<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Reproductive system</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Charge with the maintenance of the species</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gender determined by chromosomes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>XX = Female</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>XY = Male</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Male determines sex of offspring</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Within 2 months can usually determine the childs sex</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Organs are homologous</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Gonads can be Testes(M) or Ovaries(F)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Tubes can be Vas Defferens(M) or Falopian(F)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Scrotum(M) or labia Majorum(F)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Male</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Essential Organs</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Testes(M)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Produces sperm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Androgens</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>testosterone</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Accessory Organs</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Duct system</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Vas deferens</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Epididmus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Ejaculatory duct</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Urethra</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seminal vesicle</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prostate gland</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bulbourethral gland</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Scrotum</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Copulatory organ (Penis)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Testes</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Begin descent @ 7 month and travel through the inguinal canal</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suspended by spermatic cord</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Spermatic cord made of</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Vas deferens</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Spermatic vein/artery/nerves/lymph vessels</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Creamaster muscle</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Contracts when cold</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Expands when hot</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sperm needs 3 degree lower temp than the body to be produced</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small; mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tunica albugenia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>White outer covering</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Forms cone shaped lobules</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>200~300</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>In lobules</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Seminiferous tubules</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Beginning of</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Spermatogenesis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Beginning of sperm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Spermiogenisis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Morphologicl maturation of sperm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Sperm is now able to fertilize</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Epididmus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Storage and maturation of sperm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Becomes fertile here</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4 weeks storage</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Smooth muscle moves sperm into vas deferens</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Vas Deferens</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Goes into body cavity</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Inguinal canal</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Loops on top of the urinary bladder</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Ampulla of vas deferens + seminal vesicle = ejaculatory duct</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Ejaculatory duct</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Through prostate gland</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Empties into prostatic urethra</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Seminal Vesicle</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Posterior side of the urinary bladder</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Produces viscous fluid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>High fructose(sugar) content</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Provides energy for sperm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small; mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Prostate gland</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Doughnut shaped</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proximal end of the urethra</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Produces a milky & alkaline fluid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>For sperm motility & protection</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Bulbourethral gland</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Either side of the membranous urethra</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Empties into cavernous urethra</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Produces alkaline mucoid</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>For lubrication</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Cavernous bodies of the penis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Made of sponge like meshwork</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Endothelial lined vessels</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>erection</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Arteries dialate</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Veins constrict</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Causes blood engorgement</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Root of penis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Bulb</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Glans Penis </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Distal end of penis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Margin corona</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prepuce (foreskin)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Female</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Essential organ</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Ovary</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Produces gamete (ova)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Estrogen</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Progesterone</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Accessory organs</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Internal genitalia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Uterine (fallopian) tubes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Uterus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>vagina</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>external genitalia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>mons pubis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>labia majora</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>labia minora</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>clitoris</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small; mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mammory glands</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Ovary</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In pelvic cavity</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Homologous to testes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nodular glands</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>3 grams</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Either side of the uterus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suspensory ligament</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Lateral side</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mesovarium ligament</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Between</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>covers the ovaries</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Broad ligament</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Includes other ligaments</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>wide fold of peritoneum</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hylus located medially</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cortex outer</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>has follicles</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>medulla inner</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>no follicles made of LCT</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">OOgenisis</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the creation of an ovum</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>metaphase II stalls out</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ovum leaves body</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>unless a sperm finishes miosis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>produces 1 ovum & 3 polar bodies when fertilization occurs</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">follicle cells</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">basic units of female reproductive biology</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">They contain a single oocyte (immature ovum or egg)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>follicles are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>single competent oocyte</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1 layer thick</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Other layers are granulosa cells</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Mature follicle (graafian)</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Has a fluid filled antrum</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ovulation is the release of the oocyte when the antrum ruptures</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Follicle is the source of estrogen</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Follicle becomes corpus luteum</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>No fertilization</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Corpus luteum lasts 2 weeks</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Produces progesterone & estrogen</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fertilized</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Corpus luteum lasts 6 months</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Produces progesterone & estrogen</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>As can the placenta</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Uterine tube</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An ovary is not directly connected to its adjacent Fallopian tube</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Joins uterus superior & laterally & proximal </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Distal end is open</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Upper 2/3 ampulla usual fertilization site</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Infundibulum</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>is a funnel-shaped cavity or organ</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>fimbriae</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>finger like projections that push the oocyte</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>the cilia of the fimbriae sweep the ovum into the Fallopian tube</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>work together to get fertilized egg to uterus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ciliated epithelium</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>peristaltic contractions</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Ectopic pregnancy</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bad news</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pregnancy implants outside the uterine cavity</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Uterus</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anterior to rectum</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Posterior & superior to urinary bladder</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Flexed anteriorly</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hollow and thick walled</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Functions to receive retain and nourish conceptus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Major portion = body</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Upward portion = fundus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Neck = cervix</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cervical canal opens into uterus</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Internal os (uterus)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>External os (vagina)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perimetrium outer</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Myometrium middle muscle</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Endometrium inner</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>2 layers</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Stratum basale deepest</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Stratum functionalis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Shed in menstruation</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Vagina</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Birth canal</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thin wall</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fibromusculo tube</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Between rectum and bladder</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>From cervix to outside of the body</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menstrual debry leaves</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3 layers</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fibrous adventitia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Muscularis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Inner mucousa</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Has ridges with rugae</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No glands</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Lubricated by vestibule & cervix</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pH 3.5~4</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>extensible & elastic</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Vulva</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mons pubis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fatty lined area above pubic symphysis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Labia majoris</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fatty folds of skin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Labia minora</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fat free fold of skin</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Delicate</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Vestibule</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Between minor and major labia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Has vestibular glands</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Clitoris</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Homologous to glans penis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Mammory glands</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Present at birth</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Enlarge in females during puberty</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>By adding ducts and adipose tissue</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Areola gain pigment, enlarge & gain sensitivity</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Modified psuedoriferous glands</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contained in rounded brest</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Areola & nipple</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Autonomic nervous system</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Tactile and cold stimulations</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>15~20 lobes radiate around the nipple</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Lobules contain aveoli</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Aveoli produce milk</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mammory ducts travel to the nipple</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Develop further during pregnancy</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Enlarge with even more ducts & glands within 2 months</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Secretory by 9 months</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-25899995702631744232010-12-03T14:16:00.000-06:002010-12-03T14:16:11.973-06:00posting postponed till later tonight... hopefully tonightBloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-75600512525169556652010-11-23T22:08:00.006-06:002010-11-23T23:02:28.711-06:00hopefully helpfull lab practical images<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">images should enlarge with a click</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyPfGjaK-I/AAAAAAAAAIQ/1K_kHC3-MDM/s1600/Brainlobes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="138" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyPfGjaK-I/AAAAAAAAAIQ/1K_kHC3-MDM/s200/Brainlobes.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyPdbAETPI/AAAAAAAAAIM/-ko8Lry970I/s1600/labeled_diagram_human_brain_sagittal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyPdbAETPI/AAAAAAAAAIM/-ko8Lry970I/s200/labeled_diagram_human_brain_sagittal.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyYajt-TuI/AAAAAAAAAJU/CBZKz_8KN2c/s1600/labmodelheart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyYajt-TuI/AAAAAAAAAJU/CBZKz_8KN2c/s200/labmodelheart.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyb7kA02jI/AAAAAAAAAO8/cLo0MOf205A/s1600/heart_model_anterior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyb7kA02jI/AAAAAAAAAO8/cLo0MOf205A/s200/heart_model_anterior.jpg" width="181" /></a><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyb7p3FxII/AAAAAAAAAPA/qZazjVrtHhU/s1600/heart_model_rightv.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyb7p3FxII/AAAAAAAAAPA/qZazjVrtHhU/s200/heart_model_rightv.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyb8L-p0dI/AAAAAAAAAPI/R3r0kV1k0ZY/s1600/heart_model_posterior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyb8L-p0dI/AAAAAAAAAPI/R3r0kV1k0ZY/s200/heart_model_posterior.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyb77KVOmI/AAAAAAAAAPE/G5wDmJbaW3c/s1600/heart_model_leftv.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="168" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOyb77KVOmI/AAAAAAAAAPE/G5wDmJbaW3c/s200/heart_model_leftv.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
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more to comeBloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-57249421587384798962010-11-19T19:13:00.002-06:002010-12-04T15:29:11.219-06:00Urinary System finished<a href="http://www.purposegames.com/ww-search.php?q=heart">Link help with lab practical Heart</a><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Urinary System</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Purposed to maintain Homeostasis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> By controlling composition of blood & blood volume</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Indirectly affects blood pH & blood pressure </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Purposed to excrete and eliminate waste</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Waste from cellular activity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Metabolic wastes (excretes) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Protein metabolism produces toxic compounds</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Ammonia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Urea</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Uric acid </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Urinary organs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Essential system organ</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Kidneys</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Involved in Storage, Transportation & Elimination</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Ureters</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Bladder</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Urethra</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Indirect excretory organs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Skin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Sweating excretes small amounts of urea</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Liver</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Excretes Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Lungs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Excrete carbon dioxide </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOcuZkY2taI/AAAAAAAAAIE/BxuQMks2aFo/s1600/Illu_kidney2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOcuZkY2taI/AAAAAAAAAIE/BxuQMks2aFo/s400/Illu_kidney2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Red-brown in color</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 10~12cm long</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 5~7 cm wide</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> ~2.5 cm deep</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Found T12~L3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Bean shaped</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Convex on the lateral side</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Concave on the medial side</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Hylus for nerves and vessels on concave side</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Retroperitoneal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Peritoneum helps hold the kidney in place</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Renal Fascia is also in place to help hold the kidney in place</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Kidney Features</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Renal sinus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Cavity within the kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Cortex</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Granular appearance</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Resembles fruit rind</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Outer portion of the kidney </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Between the renal capsule and the renal medulla</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Renal Pelvis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Upper expanded portion of ureter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Point of convergence of two or three major calyces</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Renal Medulla</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Made of 8~18 renal pyramids</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Innermost part of the kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Minor Calyx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Duct between renal pyramids & major calyx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Major Calyx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Duct between minor calyx & renal pelvis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Parenchyma is the functional parts of an organ</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Kidney parenchyma</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Cortex</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Medulla</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Juxta-: Prefix meaning near, nearby, or close.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Juxtamedullary zone</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Space close to the medulla of kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Cortical zone</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Space close to the cortex of kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nephrons (renal tubules)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Closely packed tubular units</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Functional Unit of the kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Microscopic</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Begins in the cortex</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Follows an irregular path (convoluted)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Proximal end has the look a tube pushed back on itself</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Glomerulus a capillary tuft that performs the first step in filtering blood to form urine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Glomerular + Glomerulus = Renal Corpuscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Loop of henle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Portion of the nephron that leads <u>from the proximal tubule</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Dips down into the cortex or medulla depending on length </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> <u>To the distal convoluted tubule</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Main function is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOcyHscQVkI/AAAAAAAAAII/qWs0Dcl0Mps/s1600/nephron.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><img border="0" height="163" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOcyHscQVkI/AAAAAAAAAII/qWs0Dcl0Mps/s320/nephron.PNG" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Circulation of the Kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Receives around 20% of the cardiac output</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Receives blood from the abdominal aorta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Returns blood to the inferior vena cava</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Vasa recta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Long U-shaped vessels arising from the Efferent glomerular arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons and supplying the renal medulla</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> The efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephron drain into the vasa recta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> peritubular capillaries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> The efferent arterioles don't directly drain into the interlobular vein, but rather they go here first</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Macula Densa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Monitors filtrate in the ascending loop of henle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Juxtaglomerial cells</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme rennin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Modified smooth muscles that adjust pressure</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Which adjusts volume</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Higher pressure yields more volume moved</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ureters</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Takes urine from renal pelvis in kidney to urinary bladder</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10~12 cm long</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Smooth muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Peristaltic contractions force urine down</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Urinary Bladder</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Smooth muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hollow organ</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Empty = deflated = in true pelvic cavity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3 openings</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>2 ureters (1 from each kidney)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1 urethra</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Trigone</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">urogenital diaphragm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">internal sphincter (involuntary)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">external sphincter (@ diaphragm & voluntary)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Urethra</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Female</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Short</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">male 3 regions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>prostatic </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>passes through prostate gland & ejaculatory duct enters</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>membraneous</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>@ urogenital diaphragm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Bulbourethral gland</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>cavernous</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>passes through penis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">micturition = urination</span></div></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-15207670493416676272010-11-16T16:25:00.000-06:002010-11-16T16:36:48.139-06:00veins and arteries<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">clicking on them should enlarge them -- will do a bit of image editing to make it a bit easier to read</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOMGrEc5m0I/AAAAAAAAAH8/E0BHmG4Ot4Y/s1600/scan0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOMEVJCBf3I/AAAAAAAAAH0/lsHmJWReZko/s1600/scan0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TOMEVJCBf3I/AAAAAAAAAH0/lsHmJWReZko/s320/scan0001.jpg" width="232" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</a></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-34997457392086285032010-11-12T16:23:00.000-06:002010-11-12T16:23:57.911-06:00Respiratory system<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Respiratory System</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 main functions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>make oxygen constantly available</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Carry carbon dioxide away</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>By exchanging gasses between atmosphere and blood and cells</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Accessory function</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Vocalization</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Protective devices</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Coughing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Sneezing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Contracts diaphragm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>& external intercostals under normal breathing conditions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">General path oxygen from nose to lungs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>nasal cavity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>pharynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>larynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>trachea</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>bronchi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>lungs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>External Nares</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>The opening of the nose to the outside atmosphere</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Nasal Cavity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span><span> </span>Contains Olefactory Region, Inferior, Middle & superior Nasal Meatus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Olefactory Region</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Mucous membrane line</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Ciliated Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>For filtering the air</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Nasal meatus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Add more area to allow for more filtering</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Internal Nares (Choana)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>The opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span><span> </span>Has sebaceous glands just as skin does</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Nasopharynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Always Open</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Oropharynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Laryngopharynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Larynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Valved to prevent food from going down wrong tube</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Glottis opens when swallowing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Epiglottis guards the entrance of the glottis, the opening between the vocal <span></span>folds. It is normally pointed upward during breathing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Anterior wall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Thyroid cartilage</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Inferior wall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Cricoid </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Fuses with trachea</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Posterior wall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Corniculate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Superior ventricular folds</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>False vocal cords</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Inferior ventricular folds</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>True vocal cords</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Tension on these cords controls pitch</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Air volume moving past them controls volume</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Males are thicker & longer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Trachea</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Fibroelastic tube</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>11 cm long </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2.5 cm diameter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>C6 ~ T5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Divides into Right and Left Prime Bronchi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>C shaped Cartilage supports</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Trachealis muscle is a smooth muscle. It bridges the gap between free<span></span><span> </span>ends of C-shaped cartilages at the posterior border of the trachea, <span> </span>adjacent to the esophagus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lies Anterior to esophagus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Ciliated Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>For more filtering of air</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Carina</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Most sensitive area </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Causes cough reflex to protect the lungs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lowest point of trachea</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Respiratory Tree</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 branches</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Right Prime Bronchi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Shorter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Broader</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>3 subsidiary braches</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>For the right 3 lobes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Left Prime Bronchi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Longer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 subsidiary Branches</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>for the left 2 lobes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>smooth muscles replaces the C shaped cartilage of trachea</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lungs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Extensive epithelial surface</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Extensive capillary network</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Elastic & spongy</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Thin respiratory membrane (alveolar capillary Membrane)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Fills chest</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Rest of diaphragm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Apex of either lung is ~ 2.5 cm above clavicle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Liver pushes right lung up slightly</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Right Lung is shorter and broader & has a greater volume than the left side</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Left lung is longer and has less volume avaible</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Changes color over lifetime</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Changes depend on environment and lifestyle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Red for fetus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Pink for kids</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Grey ~ black for adults</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Has a hylus for nerves and vessels to enter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Visceral Pleura</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Parietal Pluera</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Plueral Caivty</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>To keep lungs from rubbing on ribs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Both lungs have oblique fissures that divide superior and inferior lobes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Right lobe has added transvers fissure for 3 lobe</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Inferior lobes are largest</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lobes are highly elastic</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Arteries appear blue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Veins appear red</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lymph still green</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Prime bronchii divide into bronchioles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>(terminal) Bronchioles are barely a mm in diameter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span><span> </span>No cartilage</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Alveolar duct</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Alveolus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Type 1 alveolar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Macrophages & monocytes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>To filter air and get rid of any bacteria that made it that far</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Type 2 septal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Produces phospholipid called surfactin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Surfactin keeps the walls of alveoli from sticking together</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-42118960549909659232010-11-05T19:38:00.000-05:002010-11-12T15:22:54.827-06:00Digestive system Finished<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Digestive System</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Musculo Membranous tube</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Also called alimentary canal or GI tract</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Inside this tube can be considered outside the body</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Smooth muscle lined with mucous membrane</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Purposed for Digestion & absorbtion of nutrients</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ingestion</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Food entering at the mouth</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Digestion</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Chewing and enzymes breaking down molecules in a series of changes to break larger molecules into smaller ones to be absorbed</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Movement</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Peristalisis = radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down the muscular tube</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Absorption</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Passing of nutrients through wall of digestive tube to reach blood & lymph</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Egestion</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Elimination of waste products of digestion</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Broad Path of food</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Mouth</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pharynx</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Esophagus</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Stomach</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Small intestine</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Large Intestine</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Anus</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Accessory Organs <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> macroscopic or easily visible</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Teeth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Salivary Glands</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Liver </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Gall Bladder</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Pancreas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Tongue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Mouth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Vestibule = entryway between teeth & gums (interiorly) and the lips & cheek(exteriorly) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Gingiva = gums, a dense fibrous tissue attached to bone</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Superior & Inferior frenulum linguae</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> small fold of tissue that secures or restricts the motion of tongue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Oral Cavity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Central to teeth and gums</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Inferior to hard & soft palate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Superior to tongue and Mandible</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Isthmus of fosces goes into oropharynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Teeth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Crown is above gum line</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Covered with enamel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Root extends into gum line</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Covered with cemetum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Neck is between root and crown</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Teeth are made of dentinge <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> a bone like substance</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Cavity within denting called pulp which contains pulp</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> The pulp is LCT that supports vessels and nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Root Canal is space within the root of a tooth that allows for vessels and nerves to enter and leave</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Deciduous teeth <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> baby teeth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Appear anywhere from 6 months ~ 2 years old on average</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> When sufficiently calcified it pushes through the gums and the root supplies the force</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Lost between 6 years ~ 13 years on average</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 20 total teeth avg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 8 of which are incisors</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 4 are canines</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 8 are Molars</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Permanent Dentition</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 32 total teeth avg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Larger than baby teeth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 8 are incisors</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 4 canines</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 8 Premolars</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 8 Molar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 4 Wisdom Teeth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Tongue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Involved in mastication, swallowing (degulation) and speech</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Located on the floor of the mouth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Root connected to hyoid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Tip lies behind lower incisors</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Lingual Frenulum attachement</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Rough surface due to lingual papillae</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Tastes buds at the base</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Has mucoid & serous glands which can be mixed</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Salivary Glands</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 3 pairs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> produce Saliva & the enzyme Amylase </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Parotid </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Largest & anterior to external ear</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Exocrine gland empties into vestibule</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 7 cm long</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> the secretion produced is mainly serous in nature</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> enters vestibule via Stensen's duct</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Submandibular</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> are a pair of glands located beneath the lower jaw</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Empties in the floor of the mouth under the tongue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Enters via Whartons ducts</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> mixture of both serous fluid and mucus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Sublingual </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> pair of glands located beneath the tongue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> mainly mucous secretions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> several tiny excretory ducts release</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pharynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Common to respiratory & digestive systems</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Can elevate & dilate to help move stuff down</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 3 regions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> nasopharynx <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> behind nose</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> oropharynx <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> behind mouth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> laryngopharynx <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> behind larynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Starts in the skull at about C6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Continues into the esophagus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 7 openings</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1 mouth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2 nasal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2 tympanic</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1 Esophagus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1 Larynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 3 layers</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Inner Mucosa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Different types of epithelium depending on location</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Fibrous Layer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Fibrous tissues attached to skull</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Muscular Layer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Both skeletal and smooth muscle present</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Esophagus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 23~25 cm long</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> only has mucoid glands</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Rapid movement</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Connects laryngopharynx to stomach</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Narrowest</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Travels through 3 body regions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Neck thorax and abdomen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 4 layers</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Tunica Mucosa 2 layers too</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Linning mucosa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Cells depend on function</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Lamina propria </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> LCT for blood & nerves</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Tunica Submucosa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> LCT for glands</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Tunica Muscularis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Smooth muscle in a circular and longitudinal arrangement</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Tunica Serousa (visceral peritoneum)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Largest serous membrane in the body</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/Images/stomach_tcm75-26442.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/Images/stomach_tcm75-26442.gif" width="320" /></a></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="height: 296px; margin-left: 281px; margin-top: 1px; position: absolute; width: 369px; z-index: -1;"><img height="296" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Owner/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="369" /></span>Stomach</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2 openings controlled by sphincters</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Cardiac orifice</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Pyloric orifice</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Features</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Lesser Curvature</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Greater curvature</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Cardia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Pyloris</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Body </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Fundus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Rugae – internal folds</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Outer longitundinal layer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Circular layer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Oblique layer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gastric glands</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Tubular</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Zygomenic Cells</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Produce pepcinogen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Converts to pepcin with HCl</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Pepcin begins digestion of proteins</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Oxyentic </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Produces the HCl to activate the pepcinogen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Mucous</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> More prevalent in the cardiac region of the stomach</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Produces an Alkaline mucous to protect the body from high acid content</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Anterendocrine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Produces gastrin hormone</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Gastrin controls production of HCl and Pepcin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Gastrin increase the churning of the stomach</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Chyme </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> a thick fluid mass of partially digested food and gastric secretions passed from the stomach to the small intestine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Small Intestine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Longest at 7 meters long</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Begins at pyloric sphincter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Ends at ileocecal valve</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Completes digestions & absorbs nutrients</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Plicae circularis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> The circular folds slow the passage of the food along the intestines, and afford an increased surface for absorption & doesn’t not flatten out</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> They are covered with small fingerlike projections called villi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Each villus is covered with microvilli </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> microvilli absorb fats and nutrients from the chyme.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 3 Regions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Duodenum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> First 25 cm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Supported by Mesentery</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Has glands</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Jejunum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Next 2 meters</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> No distinguishing feature to set it apart from rest of small intestine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Ileum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Last 3.5 meters</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Joins large intestine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Has Peyer’s Patches</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Intestinal glands</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> At the base of the villi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Produces intestinal juice</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Duodenal glands (Brunner’s)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Produces Alkaline mucous for protection at the duodenum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Bile & pancreatic juice enter at the duodenum at the hepaticpancreatic ampula on raise area called duodenal papilla</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Large Intestine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1.5 meters long</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> wider in diameter than small intestine </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> extends illececal valve</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> ends at anus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> absorbs water</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> mucous secreting glands for lubrication</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> parts of the large intestine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Cecum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> blind receiving pouch that the small intestine empties into</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Appendix</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Attached to cecum and is another blind pouch looks like a worm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Colon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Ascending Colon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Up back & to the right</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Under the liver</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Turns left</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Transverse colon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Across the body </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Turns downwards</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Descending colon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Narrowest part</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Sigmoid colon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> S shaped</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Comes back to the midline</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Rectum </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Last 20 cm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Anal canal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2~3 cm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> anal clumns</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Anus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Internal smooth muscular sphincter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> External skeletal muscle sphincter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> taenia coli</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> colons. The teniae coli contracts length wise to produce the </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> haustra, the bulges in the colon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></div><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Liver</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Largest gland in the body</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 lobes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>larger right side</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>separating ligament</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>smaller left lobe</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Right lobe has 2 smaller lobes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Quadrate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Transverse fissure between</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Caudate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lobules have chords/strands of hepatic cells that radiate out from central vein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Sinusoids replace typical capillaries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>For filtering</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and <span> </span>hepatic arteries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Hepatic portal vein carries venous blood drained from the spleen, <span></span><span></span>GI tract, and its associated organs.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Blood flows through the sinusoids and empties into the central vein of each <span></span>lobule. The central veins combine into hepatic veins, which leave the liver and <span> </span>empty into the inferior vena cava</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Central vein <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> hepatic vein <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> IVC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Kupffer Cells</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>specialized macrophages located in the liver lining the walls of the <span></span>sinusoids that form part of the reticuloendothelial system (RES)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>The cords of hepatic cells (hypatocytes) produce Bile</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Route of bile</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>canaliculi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>ducts</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Right or Left Hepatic Duct</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Common Hepatic Duct</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Joins with the Gall bladders Cystic Duct</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Common Bile Duct</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>& Pancreatic Duct from pancreas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Hepatopancreatic Duct</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Ampulla of Vater OR hepatopancreatic ampulla</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>The Sphincter of Oddi<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>controls the introduction of bile and pancreatic <span> </span>secretions into the duodenum, as well as preventing <span> </span>the entry of duodenal contents into the Ampulla</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TN2vg5_xGdI/AAAAAAAAAHw/FjtwKEq9wwA/s1600/flow_of+Bile.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TN2vg5_xGdI/AAAAAAAAAHw/FjtwKEq9wwA/s320/flow_of+Bile.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gall Bladder</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Mucous membrane lined</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Muscular sac</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Stores and concentrates bile</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Smooth muscle contractions move bile out</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pancreas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>12~17cm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>behind the stomach</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>in fron the of the IVC, Aorta & left Kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Retroperitoneal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Soft oblong tubuloasinar gland</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Fits into greater curvature of the stomach</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Mixed gland</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Partially exocrine & endocrine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Exocrine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Pancreatic juices</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Acini cell</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Endocrine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Glucagon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Insulin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Few others</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Respiratory system to follow</span></span></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-68031335178098324302010-11-05T13:05:00.000-05:002010-11-05T13:05:31.727-05:00week 11<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Lymphatic System</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>One way system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Made of </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lymph</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lymph vessels</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lymph nodes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Tonsils</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Thymus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Bone marrow</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Spleen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Appendix</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span><span>Peyer's patches</span> (or <span>aggregated lymphoid nodules)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Functions</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Produces lymphocytes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Filters lymph</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Absorbs fats into lymph vessels</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span><b><span style="color: red;">Alternate route for return of tissue fluids</span></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span> </span>Assists with Immune system</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><sup><span> </span></sup></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>Lymph Capillaries</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Begin blind essentially</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Not continuous with anything</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Has no pump</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Skeletal muscles, valves & respiration act as an indirect pump</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Small vast network</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Thin walled</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Valved</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>2 major lymph vessels</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>thoracic duct</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>right lymphatic duct</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>Thoracic duct</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Abdominal region</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Cisterna chili</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph <span></span>from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>goes through the diaphragm</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>left side of the vertebrae</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>empties into subclavian vein just before it ends</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>drainage system for left half of head neck left arm and lower extremities</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>Right Lymphatic duct</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Smaller</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Drains right half of head and neck and right arm only</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>Lymph Nodes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Made of lymphatic tissues</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Encapsulated</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Scattered along vessels</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Afferent vessels enter nodes & more numerous</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Efferent vessels leave node & less numerous</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Lymph moves slowly through node to give it time to be filtered</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Part of </span><span>RES</span><span> (reticuloendothelial system)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>Appendix</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Experimentally verified as being rich in infection-fighting lymphoid cells, <span> </span>suggesting that it might play a role in the immune system</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>Tonsils</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Pharyngeal (adenoids)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span></span>Incompletely encapsulated</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Located<span> </span>on Roof of pharynx</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span></span><span>Palatine</span><span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span></span>Incompletely encapsulated</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Sides of oropharynx between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span>Lingual</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> </span></span>Incompletely encapsulated</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Behind tongue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Produce Lymphocytes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Infections of tonsils can lead to breathing problems and hearing loss</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Peyer’s Patches</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Collections of Lymphatic Tissue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>In Ileum of instesting</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Thymus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>In mediastynum superiorly</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Bi lobbed</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Max development occurs in puberty</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Starts to degenerate after puberty</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Produces T-Cell Lymphocytes (critical cells of the adaptive immune system)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 hormones</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Thymosin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Thymopoesin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Spleen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>12 cm long</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>under diaphragm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>slit like opening <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> hylus for the artery, veins & nerves entering</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Made of red and white pulp</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>White pulp = typical lymphatic tissue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span><span> </span>Red pulp = venous sinuses & cord of splenic cells</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Purposed with filtering blood</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Digestive system to follow</span></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-31698586858618391172010-10-29T13:46:00.000-05:002010-10-29T13:46:32.655-05:00Week 10<span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://www.blogger.comhttp://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">SA node </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>starts the heart beat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Automatic</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Sends stimulus that causes both atria to contract at the same time</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>What pacemakers do</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">AV node</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Close to coronary sinus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Between atria and ventricles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Right & left sides are bundled up and branch out over each ventricle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Purkinje fibers transmit the impulse that cause the ventricles to contract at the <span></span>same time</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Contractions start at the apex and travel to the base</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Blood Vessels</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>3 Layers in a vessel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>called tunics</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Tunica Interna</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Thin surface layer of endothelium & elastic CT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Tunica Media</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Smooth muscle with some elastic CT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Circular arrangement</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Contractions constrict flow of blood, increasing Blood Pressure (BP)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Relaxing dilates the vessels decreasing BP</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Tunica Externa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Thin white fibrous elastic CT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ellastic Arteries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Conducting Vessels</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Aorta is an example</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Expand and recoil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Delivers to muscular arteries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Musclar arteries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Conduct blood to location or distribute</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Continuous flow</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Autoregulation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Automatic local adjustment of blood flow in a given region of the body in <span> </span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> response to needs of over tissues <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> need for oxygen is stimulus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Colateral Circulation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 arteries serving the same location</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Anastomosis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 arteries joining at distal end</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Infarction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Death of cell due to lack of oxygen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">NO VALVES IN ARTERIES</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Capillaries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Layer of simple squamous epithelium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Slows the flow of blood</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Purpose of the cardiovascular system is to serve these</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>More numerous in tissues that need/use more oxygen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Can be closed of with sphincters</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Interconnector between arterioles and venules</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Veins</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>3 layers</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Same as arteries but less distinct</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Minimal elastic tissue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Thinner walls</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Greater diameter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Vena comitans </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 veins following a common artery</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Surface veins</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Cutaneous</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Valves are use to carry blood up against the force of gravity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Low Pressure</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Pressure gradients help move blood</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Skeletal muscles can act as a pump</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Respiratory can act as a pump</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pulmonary Circuit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Receives oxygen deficient blood</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Purpose is to oxygenate blood</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Begins Right Ventricle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Conus arteriosus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Ends in the Left Atrium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pulmonary trunk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>In front of ascending aorta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>To the left & under the arch</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Short wide vessel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Is an Artery</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Divides into right and left arteries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Right side delivers blood to right side of lung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Branches in lower and superiors branches</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lower branch is larger and delivers to lower lobes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Superior branch delivers to upper lobe</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Left side delivers blood to left side of lung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Branches into lower and superior</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lower branch delivers to lower lobe</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Superior branch delivers to upper lobe</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 Pulmonary veins <u>from each lung</u> empty into left atrium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Systemic Circuit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>More extensive</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Starts in Left ventricle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Ends in right atrium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Dispenses from Aorta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Delivers Oxygen to all systemic arteries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Aorta has 3 regions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Ascending</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Arch</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Descending (2 parts)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span><span> </span>Thorassic</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Abdominal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ascending Aorta<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 coronary arteries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>only branches of ascending Aorta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Right side receives first</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Left side divides more</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Anterior ventricular artery</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Posterior ventricular artery</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Circumflex artery<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Arch of the Aorta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Region that leaves the pericardial sac</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Leave out & heads back</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Ends ~ T4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>3 branches on the top of the arch</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>1<sup>st</sup> and largest is Brachiocephalic</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Left Common Carotid 2<sup>nd</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Left Subclavian 3<sup>rd</sup></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Descending Aorta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Begins ~ T4 ~ T6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Thorassic branch</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Has parietal & visceral branches</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Abdomincal branch</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Has parietal & visceral & terminal branches</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Systemic veins</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Drainage system of blood</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lots of valves to prevent backflow of blood</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Brings back nutrients waste and lacks oxygens</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Tributaries instead of branches</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Tributaries of origin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 veins merging into 1 common vein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Superficial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Under skin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>No companion arteries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Empty into deep veins</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Deep </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Travel with artery</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Artery usually has the same name</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Venus Sinus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Space between layer of dura mater (outer layer)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Endothelium lined</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Empty into internal jugular vein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Coronay Sinus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Heart wall return</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Superior Vena Cava<span> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> SVC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>7cm long</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Receives blood from right and left brachiocephalic</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span><span> </span>Right side is shorter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Receives blood from head neck thorax and upper extremities</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Inferior Vena Cava <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> IVC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Recieves blood from trunk and lower limbs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">All 3 empty into Right Atrium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Portal Sytems or Hephatic (Liver) system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Artery</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Arteriole</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Capillary (sinusoid)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Venule</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Capillary (sinusoid)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Venule</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Vein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Recieves blood from digestive tract and spleen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Portal vein takes blood to liver</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Feeds capillary beds</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Which filter the blood</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>What gets filtered depends on what the body needs at the moment</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Fetal Circulation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>5<sup>th</sup> week the fetal heart can start beating</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Foramen Ovale</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Oval shaped hole between right and left atrium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Allows blood to skip going to the lungs since a baby doesn’t use it lungs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Decreases in size after birth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Becomes fossa ovale</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Large Eustachian valve in IVC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Prevents blood from going into ventricle prematurely</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Ductus Arteriosus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Allows blood in right ventricle to skip lung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Becomes ligamentum arteriosum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>2 umbilical arteries</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>lack oxygen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>goes to placenta to be oxygenated and get nutrients</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>becomes lateral umbilical ligament</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>1 umbilical vein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>goes back to liver/IVC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>becomes ligamentum teres</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Ductus venosus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span><span> </span>Between umbilical vein & IVC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Skips liver</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Becomes ligamentum venosum</span></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-56259816941674697842010-10-08T15:24:00.000-05:002010-10-08T15:24:27.140-05:00week 8<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://www.blogger.comhttp://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal">Circulatory System</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Internal environment provides the fluid environment needed</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>ECF or interstitial fluid</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Main function is to transport blood & lymph</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Blood carries nutrients oxygen enzymes hormones among other things</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Closed system</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Whole blood contained entirely within heart & vessels</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>Lymph picks up unneeded fluid & returns it to the lymphatic system for <span> </span>cleaning and filtering which is also a part of bodily defense</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>FUNCTIONS</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Maintains homestasis</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Transportation of oxygen, water, hormones, enzymes & antibodies</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Regulation</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Coordination</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Water & other substance regulation</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Temperature control</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Phagocytosis <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> white blood cells</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">2 parts to the circulatory system</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Cardiovascular</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Lymphatic</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Cardiovascular System</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Adequate blood needed for all body systems/organs at different times for different <span> </span><span> </span>reasons making the circulatory very complex since it can redirect blood <span> </span>flow to parts of the body that need or don’t need it very quickly</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Ateries</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Arterioles</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Both carry blood away from the heart and have higher pressure</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Veins</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Venules</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Both carry blood to the heart and have a lower pressure</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Capillaries</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>What the circulatory system is designed around</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Is the exchange zone for bloods nutrients and the organs used nutrients</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>Blood moves slowly through capillaries to allow time for nutrients <span> </span><span> </span>and waste to move into and out of the blood for use or <span> </span>transport</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Internal inviroment</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>Blood </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>Fluid & formed elements that are confined to organs of <span> </span><span> </span>cardiovascular system</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Tissue Fluid </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Interstitial fluid or ECF</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Lymph</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Fluid in vessels of lymphatic system</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Blood in detail</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Should have a pH value of 7.35 ~ 7.45</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Making it a slightly basic fluid under normal conditions</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>~ 8% of body weight </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>4 is normal Relative viscosity </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>depends on hematocrit temperature & flow rate</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>4 ~ 6 Liters of blood on average in an adult</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Plasma in detail</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>90% water</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>7 ~ 9% proteins</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>fibrin is a protein that helps blood clot</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>made from fibrinogen</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>serum is plasma with Fibrin removed <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> all proteins except those used in <span> </span><span> </span>blood clotting </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>55% of<span> </span>all proteins are Serum Albumen (egg white) which is what <span> </span><span> </span>makes blood viscous & regulates blood volume</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>38% are immunoglobulens <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> the bodies defense<span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>1% salt sugars fats urea & other thing</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>accounts for 50 ~ 60% of blood volume</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>other 40 ~ 50% are formed elements</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>formed elements of the blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells), <span> </span><span> </span>leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets)</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal">Eurythrocytes</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Red blood cell simply</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Mature cells lack a nucleus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Hemoglobin gives the red color</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Oxygen binds to Iron in the blood to be carried</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>4 ~ 6 million/mm^3</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Hematopoiesis</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>The production of red blood cells</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Occurs in red bone marrow</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>2 million/second produced to keep up with the bodies demand</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span>Stem cell:</span> One of the human body's master cells, with the ability to grow into any one of <span> </span>the body's more than 200 cell types.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Reticulocyte</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Immature red blood cell</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Leaves bone marrow & enters blood stream & losses its nucleus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Luekocyte</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>True cell</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>6,000 ~ 10,000 /mm^3 of blood</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>2 groups</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Granular <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> granulocyte <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> white blood cell</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Has staining granules</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Polymorphonuclear</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Nuetrophil</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Eosinophil</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Basophil</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Agranular</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Monocyte</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Can develop in macrophages</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Lymphocyte</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>B cells</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>T cells</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>NK cells</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Thrombocytes</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Platelets</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>250,000 / mm^3 of blood</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>fragments of megakaryocyte cell</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>rounded</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>colorless</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>sticky <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> to adhere to cuts or breaks in a vessel</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Hemostasis</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Stopping of blood flow</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Smooth muscle spasms to constrict blood flow</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Platelet plug should form at the site of the damage to start to the repairing process</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">THE HEART</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>2 purposes</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Completes the Pulmonary circuit for oxygenation of blood</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Completes the systemic circuit for getting the rest of the body the it needs</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Double Pump</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Maintains flow & pressure</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>70 ~ 75 beats/contractions a minute in the average human</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>highly efficient to maintain its output</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>weigh 340 grams ~ 11 ounces</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>12cm long <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> 9cm wide <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> 6cm thick</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>less than 648 cm^3 because its not a perfect cube</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Roughly the size of ones clinched fist</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Located in the mediastynum</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>2/3 of it lies to the left of the bodies midline</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>1/3 of it lies to the right of the bodies midline</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Posterior to the sternum</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Anterior to the vertebrae & descending aorta & esophagus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Parietal pericardium adheres to the diaphragm</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Medial to the lungs</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Endocardium</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Fibrous tissue that supports the endothelium</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Inner most layer that lines the heart</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Myocardium</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>CT & cardiac muscles</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Supports lymph</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Thinner in the walls of the Atrias</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Right Ventricle 1/3 inch thick</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Left Ventricle 1 inch thick</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Arrangement of whirls helps to empty blood</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Not smooth</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Trabeculae carneae</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project <span> </span><span> </span>from the whole of the inner surface of the ventricle</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Capillary bed</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>A dense network of tiny blood vessels that enables blood to fill a tissue or <span> </span>organ</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Epicardium</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Visceral layer of pericardium</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>the outermost of the three layers of tissue that form the heart wall</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the <span> </span>heart</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Parietal cardium</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Outer layer of pericardium</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>forms the sac and is lined with a serous membrane. Also called heart sac</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Pericardial cavity</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Lies between the epicardium and parietal cardium</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Serous or watery membrane</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Serous fluid is used as lubrication for the heart</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Provides almost 0 friction</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>4 chambers to the Heart</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>2 atrium both are superior used to receive blood</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>2 ventricles both are inferior use to pump blood away</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>the hearts veins & artery locations</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>Coronary sulcus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Lies between the atrium & ventricle</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>Anterior interventricular sulcus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Between the ventricles</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>Posterior interventricularu sulcus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Between the ventricles</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>RIGHT ATRIUM</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Gets blood returning from systemic route</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>3 openings</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Superior vena cava</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Superior & posterior</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Returns blood from shoulders and up</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Directed downward</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>No valve</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Inferior vena cava</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Posterior & inferior</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Directed upward</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Brings in blood from the trunk down</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Has foramen ovale</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Fossa ovalus forms after birth</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Eustachion valve</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Only seems to be active while a fetus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>No known function for adults</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>Coronary Sinus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Large veinous</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Brings blood back to the heart from the heart</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Thebesian valve</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>RIGHT VENTRICLE</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Opening between the right atrium & right ventricle</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Controlled by Tricuspid valve</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Tough fibrous tissue</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Opens during diastole (relaxation)</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Closes duing systole (contraction)</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Preventing backflow</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Has 3 chordae tendoneae</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Attached to 3 papillary muscles</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Opens to pulmonary trunk</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Flow controlled by pulmonary semilunar valve</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>LEFT ATRIUM</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Small in size</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Walls are thicker than right atrium</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>4 pulmonary veins</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>No valves</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>LEFT VENTRICLE</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Same size as right ventricle</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Walls are 3x thicker than the right side</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>To accommodate the higher pressure needed</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Opening between left ventricle & atrium</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Controlled by Bicuspid valve (mitral)</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>2 flaps</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>2 tendons</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>2 papillary muscles</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>All stronger and thicker than the right ventricle</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Pumps into the aorta</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Controlled by Aortic Semilunar Valve</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Opens with systole</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Aortic sinuses</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>For coronary arteries</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Receives blood in Diastole</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-43718408650883602662010-10-07T21:58:00.000-05:002010-10-07T21:58:33.846-05:00Helpfull site for muscles among other things<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.getbodysmart.com/">http://www.getbodysmart.com/</a></span>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-8905005615506626982010-10-05T19:50:00.000-05:002010-10-06T18:48:14.127-05:00Need to know Muscles<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 767px;"><col style="width: 128pt;" width="171"></col> <col style="width: 144pt;" width="192"></col> <col style="width: 142pt;" width="189"></col> <col style="width: 161pt;" width="215"></col> <tbody>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl24" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Muscle Name</span></td> <td class="xl25" style="border-left: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Origin</span></td> <td class="xl25" style="border-left: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Insertion</span></td> <td class="xl25" style="border-left: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Action</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Trapezius</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Superior nuchal line of occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae and spines of C7 & all thorassic vertebrea</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Clavicle & acrominion & spine of scapula</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Adduction, rotation, retraction, elevation, and depression of scapula</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Deltoid</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of the scapula</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">deltoid tuberosity of humerus</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">shoulder abduction, flexion and extension, rotation</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pectoralis Major</span></td> <td class="xl27" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Clavicle sternum & costal cartilages of 2nd -> 6th ~ 7th rib</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Greater tubercle and lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of Humerus</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Clavicular head: flexes the humerus <br />
Sternocostal head: extends the humerus <br />
As a whole, adducts and medially rotates the humerus. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly.</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Latissimus Dorsi</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">spinous processes of thoracic T7-T12 + Lumbars <br />
iliac & sacral crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Intertubercular sulcus of Humerus</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">adducts, extends and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder<br />
draws arm inferiorly & posteriorly</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Biceps Brachii</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">short head: coracoid process of the scapula. <br />
<br />
long head: supraglenoid tubercle</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">radial tuberosity<span> </span>of radius & bicipital aponeurosis</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">flexes elbow<br />
<br />
supinates forearm</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Triceps Brachii</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula <br />
lateral head: posterior humerus medial head: posterior humerus</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">olecranon process of ulna</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">extends forearm & arm</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flexor Carpi Radialis</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bases of second and third metacarpal bones</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flexion and abduction at wrist</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Extensor Carpi Ulnaris</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle), posterior ulna</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">5th metacarpal</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">extends and adducts the wrist</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl28" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> <td class="xl28" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> <td class="xl28" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> <td class="xl28" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sartorius</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Anterior Superior iliac spine</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">medial surface of the tibial body</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flexion of Knee<br />
<br />
Flexion Abducts & lateral rotation of Hip</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Quadriceps Femoris<br />
(Rectus Femoris + <br />
Vastus Lateralis +<br />
Vastus Medialis +<br />
Vastus Intermedius)</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Anterior inferior iliac spine<br />
<br />
Greater trochanter & line aspera of femur</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
<br />
linea aspera of femur</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>anterior & lateral surface of femur body</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Patella --> tibial tuberosity</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Knee extension; Hip flexion (rectus femoris only)</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gluteus Maximus</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Iliac crest sacrum coccyx<br />
<br />
aponeurosis of sacrospinalis</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gluteal tuberosity of the femur, iliotibial tract</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">extends thigh at hip joint <br />
<br />
laterally rotates thigh</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Biceps Femoris</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">tuberosity of the ischium<br />
<br />
linea aspera of femur</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">head of fibula & lateral condyle of tibia</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flexes leg at knee joint<br />
<br />
Extends thigh at hip joint</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Semitendinosus</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">tuberosity of the ischium</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">proximal part of medial surface shaft of tibia</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">flex knee, <br />
<br />
extend hip joint</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Semimembranosus</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ischial Tuberosity</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">medial condyle of tibia</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flexs knee<br />
<br />
extends thigh at hip</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gastrocnemius</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Lateral & medial condyles of femur & knee capsule</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Calcaneus via achilles tendon</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">plantar flexes foot<br />
<br />
flexes knee</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Soleus</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Head of fibula<br />
<br />
medial border of tibia</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Calcaneus via achilles tendon</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">plantarflexion</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Tibialis Anterior</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Lateral condyle & body of tibia<br />
<br />
interosseous membrane</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1st metatarsal <br />
<br />
1st Cuneiform</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Dorsiflexion <br />
<br />
Inversion of the foot</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl28" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> <td class="xl28" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> <td class="xl28" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> <td class="xl28" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sternocleidomastoid</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sternum<br />
<br />
Clavicle</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Mastoid Process</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flex Cspine<br />
<br />
Extends head</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
<br />
Elevates Sternum (forced inhalation)</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
<br />
Lateral flex & rotates head</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Masseter</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">zygomatic arch<br />
<br />
maxilla</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Angle of Mandible<br />
<br />
Ramus of Mandible</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Elevates Mandible<br />
<br />
Retracts Mandible</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Orbicularis Oris</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Muscle fibers surrounding mouth opening</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Skin at corners of the mouth</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Protrudes lips<br />
<br />
compress lips</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
<br />
Shapes lips for speech</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Orbicularis Oculi</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Medial wall of Orbit</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Circular path around Orbit</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">closes eyelids</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl28" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> <td class="xl28" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> <td class="xl28" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> <td class="xl28" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">External Abdominal Oblique</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Inferior 8 ribs</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Iliac crest<br />
<br />
Linea Alba</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Compress Abdomen<br />
<br />
Flex Vertebral Column</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
<br />
Rotates Vertebral Column</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Internal Abdominal Oblique</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Inguinal ligament<br />
<br />
Iliac crest</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
<br />
Thoracolumbar fascia</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Linea alba<br />
<br />
Last 3~4 inferior ribs.</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Compresses abdomen<br />
<br />
Flex Vertebral Column</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
<br />
Rotates vertebral Column</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Transversus Abdominis</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Iliac crest<br />
<br />
inguinal ligament</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
<br />
lumbar fascia</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
<br />
cartilages of inferior six ribs</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Xiphiod process<br />
<br />
linea alba</span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
<br />
pubis</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">compresses abdomen</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Rectus Abdominis</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pubic Crest<br />
<br />
Pubic Symphysis</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Costal cartilage of ribs 5-7<br />
<br />
xiphoid process</span> </td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flexs vertebral column (esp Lumbar)<br />
<br />
compresses abdomen</span> </td> </tr>
<tr height="151" style="height: 113.25pt;"> <td class="xl26" height="151" style="border-top: medium none; height: 113.25pt; width: 128pt;" width="171"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Diaphragm</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 144pt;" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Circumference of body<br />
Xiphoid process of the sternum, costal cartilages & adjacent portions of the inferior 6 ribs lumbar vertebrae and their intervertebral discs and the 12th rib</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 142pt;" width="189"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Central Tendon</span></td> <td class="xl26" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; width: 161pt;" width="215"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten and increases the vertical dimension of the thoracic resulting in inhalation; relaxation of the diaphragm causes it to move superiorly and decreases the vertical dimension of the thorassic cavity resulting in exhalation</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-7537244113801261452010-10-05T16:49:00.000-05:002010-10-05T16:49:09.209-05:00Helpfull site for muscles<span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_muscles_of_the_human_body">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_muscles_of_the_human_body</a></span>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-59413011976342053342010-10-01T15:47:00.001-05:002010-10-01T16:28:30.009-05:00Week 7<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Strength of Muscle depends on</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> # of fasiculi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Arrangement of fasiculi – tendon pattern</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Direction of pull</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Leverage</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Size</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> # of motor units</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Muscle naming</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Attachment location</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Shape</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Division of heads</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Action</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Size</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Origin & insertion points</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Facial Muscles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Origin on superficial fascia or underlying skin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on skin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Cutaneous</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 7<sup>th</sup> cranial nerve innervates</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Orbicularis Oculi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Circular muscle around the eye</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Closes eyelind – wink blink</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Corregator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Just above obicularis oculi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Pyramid shaped – frowning muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Orbicularis Oris</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Circular muscle around the mouth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Kissing muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Procerus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Longitudinal muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Wrinkles nose or flare nostril</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Buccinator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Transverse muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Keeps food between teeth – a cheek</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Frontalis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Longitudinal muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Raises eyebrows</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Vertically oriented</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Occipitalis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Based on the occipital</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Occipitofrontalis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Frontalis + Occipitalis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Galeal aponuerotica lies between them</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Mastication Muscles – chewing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 4 paired muscles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Temporalis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Radiate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on mandible</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Mandible Sling</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Masseter</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on outer Ramus of mandible</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Vertical orientation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Power stroke of chewing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Medialpterygoid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Vertical orientation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inerters on inner Ramus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Lateral Pterygoid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Perpendicular orientation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Can open or protrude jaw</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Tounge</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Intrinsic</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Within the tounge</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Speech whistling and can change the shape of the tounge</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Extrinsic</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Outside the tounge</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Lets the tounge move in and out of the mouth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Neck</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Platysma</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Thin superficial broad sheet that covers lateral side of the neck & </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> shoulder </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on mandible</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Contractions pull down corners of mouth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Sternocleidomastoid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Sternum – origin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Clavicle – origin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Mastoid – Insertion</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Flexor and extensor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Rectus Abdominus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Spine flexor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Tendonous intersections</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on xiphoid process</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Origin on pubic crest</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Erector Spinae</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Posture muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 3 columns formed</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> back extensor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Iliocostalis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Lateral most </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Origin at ilium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Insertion along ribs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Longisimus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Intermediate and largest</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on vertebra/ribs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Origin on sacrum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Spinalis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Most medial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Abdomen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 3 pair of muscles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> rotate spine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> compress abdomen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> External oblique</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Fibers run medial & inferior</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on aponeurosis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Internal oblique</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Runs medial & superior</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Transverse abdominus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Run medially</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Thorax</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Internal Intercostal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Fibers run medial & inferior</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Only used when needed</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Pulls ribs down</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> External Intercostal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Fibers run superior & medial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Elevates ribs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Used in normal breathing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Diaphragm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Dome Shaped</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Originates from the circumference of body</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on its own central tendon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Contractions pull diaphragm down to increase the volume the </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> lungs can use for more air</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 3 openings</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Aortic hiatus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inferior vena cava</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Esophageal hiatus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Trapezious</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 3 parts</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Upper </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Middle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inferior</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on Scapular spine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Originates on occipital</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Deltoid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Forms rounded contour of shoulder</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Actions shoulder abduction, flexion and extension</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Pectoralis Major</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Origin </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Clavicular head & anterior surface of the sternum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Insertion intertubercular groove of the humerus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Flex adduct and rotate humerus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Latisimus Dorsi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Extends humerus adduction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on humerus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Originates 2 on scapula</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Biceps Brachii</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Flexor of elbow</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Originates on coracoid process</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on radius</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Triceps Brachii</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Extensor of elbow – biceps antagonist</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on olecranon process</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Originates 2 on humerus 1 on scapula</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Forearm muscles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> A lot</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Short version</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Anterior side = flexion of wrist carpals & phalanges & supinator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Posterior side = extensor or wrist carpals & phalanges & pronator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Psoas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Hip & spine flexor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Knee extensor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Iliacus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Hip & spine flexor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Knee extensor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Quadriceps Femoris</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Rectus Femoris & 3 vasti – lateralus intermedius medialis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Rectus femoris</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Originates at ilium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on knee</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Flex hip</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Knee extension</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> The 3 Vasti muscles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Originate on femur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Insert on knee</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Knee extension</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Sartorius</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Allows us to cross legs at the knee</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Longest muscle in the body</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Flex knee and hip</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Gluteus Maximus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Extension & lateral rotation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Hamstring</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Biceps femoris</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Most lateral</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Extends hip</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Flex knee</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Semi Tendonosis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Middle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Extends hip</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Flex knee</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Semi Membranosis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Extend hip</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Flex knee</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Calf or Crural Muscles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Anterior Posterior and Lateral</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Tibialis Anterior</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Dorsal Flexion</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Extends toes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Peronius Longus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Lateral</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Plantar Flexion</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inversion of the foot</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Gastocnemius</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Posterior</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Originates on distal end of femur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts on calcanoues</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Responsible for push for locomotion</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Achilies tendon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Plantarflexion</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Flexion of knee</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Soleus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Posterior</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Inserts beside calcaneous</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Plantarflexion</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-49663447628273304202010-09-24T22:17:00.000-05:002010-09-24T22:17:09.771-05:00Week 6<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://www.blogger.comhttp://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal">Arm 1 bone</div><div class="MsoNormal">Forearm 2 bones</div><div class="MsoNormal">Phalanges 14 bones</div><div class="MsoNormal">Carpals 2 rows of 4 = 8</div><div class="MsoNormal">Metacarpal 5 bones</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Humerus </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Articulates with glenoid cavity at the proximal end</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Articulates with both Radius and Ulna distally</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Ulna</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Medially fits in olecranon fossa via olecrannon process</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Articulates with carpals distally</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Radius</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>articulates with the capitulum of the humerus, the radial notch and the head of the <span> </span>ulna.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Carpals</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Proximal Row and laterally</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Scaphoid</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Lunate</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Triquetrium</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Pisiform</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Trapezium</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Trapazoid</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Capitulum</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Hamate</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Metacarpals </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Proximal Row Laterally</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">I</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">II</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">III</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">IV</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">V</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Phalanges</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Proximal Middle or Distal</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">P</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">P</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">P</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">P</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">P</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">D</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">M</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">M</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">M</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">M</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">D</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">D</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">D</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">D</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Pelvic Girdle</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>2 innomimal bones</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>os coxae</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>cotal bones</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Each hip bone has Fused 3 parts</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Ilium – Top broad flat part</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Ischium – inferior and posterior part</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Pubis – Ventral anterior forming pubic arch</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Acetabulum</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Articulates with femur</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Obturator foramen</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Filled with connective tissue</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Pubic Symphysis</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Firm union with hyaline & fibrocartilage</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Thigh</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Femur </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Largest and heaviest bone in the body</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Articulates with acetabulum via the trochanter</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Distal end expands for articulation with tibia</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Has medial and lateral condyles</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Tibia</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Medial</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Weight bearing</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Tibial tuberosity</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Distally articulates with talus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Fibula</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Lateral</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Proximal articulation with tibia</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Distal articulation with talus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Foot</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Calcaneous</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Talus</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>I<span> </span>- II – III<span> </span>cuniforms</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Cuboid</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Metatarsal medial <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> lateral</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Same name of phalanges</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Some distal and middle phalanges have been known to fuse</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Patella </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Sesamoid</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Entirely within a tendon at a point of major pressure </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Patellar tendon</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Arthrology</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>3 categories based on movement</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Synarthoris <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> no movement</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Amphiarthrosis <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> some movement</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Diarthrosis <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> freely moveable</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>3 based on structure</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Fibrous <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> little to no movement</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Syndesmosis - more fibrous tissue</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Suture - minimal fibrous tissue</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Cartilage <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> litte to no movement</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Synchondrosis – temporary growth plate</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Symphysis</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Synovial <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> freely moveable</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>Joint capsule line with synovial membrane for synovial fluid <span> </span>production for lubrication</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Synostosis – sutures that have completely calcified</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Arthrodia – Gliding joints </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Carpal bones</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Non axial</div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-85869506386106303282010-09-24T21:45:00.001-05:002010-09-24T21:45:12.980-05:00<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Muscular system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Only Skeletal & voluntary muscles/organs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Maintains posture – due to tonus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Tonus - continuous contraction of muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Stabilizes articulations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Red meat of the body</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Functions for locomotion</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Produces heat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Interdependent system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Contractible irritable extensible elastic</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Usually attached to bone</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Fatigues Fast</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Responds to Stimuli Faster</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Less Extensible</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Supports Nervous & Vascular system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Muscle movement can act as a pump (especially vascular system – lymph)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Has both Sensory and Motor Neurons</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Lots of Mitochondria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Muscle Belly</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Fibers & tendon(s)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Tendon of Origin – attaches to less moveable structure</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Tendon of Insertion – attaches to more movable structure</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>May have 2 or more tendons of Origin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>May have Single origin and Several insertions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Aponuerosis <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>à</span></span> broad flat tendonous sheet, mainly serving to connect a muscle with the parts it moves</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Deep Fascia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Each fiber has a sarcolemma</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Endomycium surrounds sarcolemma</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Fasiculus is a bundle of fibers</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Perymycium surrounds each fascicle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Epimycium surrounds the all fasicles as a whole</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">NueroMuscular Junction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Muscles and nerves actually don’t touch</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Synaptic bulb is the end of the nerve that begins the synaptic cleft</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Synaptic Cleft is just the space between the nerve and the muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Motor End Plate is the sarcolemma of the muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">In the Synaptic Cleft</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Several Mitochondria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Several Synaptic vesicles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Containing ACh acetylcholine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>ACh<span> </span>causes change in permeability that causes muscles to contract</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Or contains AChE acetylcholinesterase</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>AChE causes change in permeability that causes muscles to relax</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>By removing ACh </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Arrangement</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Nuclei lies under the sarcolemma</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Myofibril arrangement causes light and dark bands</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Also directly responsible for muscle contraction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Actin = thin band</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Filaments anchored in Z line</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Myosin = Thick band</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Filaments anchored near M line</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sarcomere</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Distance between 2 adjacent Z lines</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">I Band – Thin Actin ONLY</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">H Zone – Thick Myosin ONLY</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">A Band - location where Actin and Myosin overlap</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">M Line – Down the middle of thick myosin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sliding Filament Theory</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The sliding filament theory is the explanation for how muscles produce force (or, usually, shorten). It explains that the thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere. In order to slide past one another, the myosin heads will interact with the actin filaments and, using ATP, bend to pull past the actin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">All or None Law</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">If the stimulus is any strength above threshold, the nerve or muscle fiber will give a complete response or otherwise no response at all</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Motor units</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Controls anywhere from 3 – 150 fibers</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span># of motor units determines Total amount of force used</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Roles of Muscle</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Prime Mover – Main muscle involved in desired action</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Antagonist – Counteracts action of prime mover</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Synergist – Steadies movement or removes unwanted movement</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Fixator – Maintains same position</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Coordination – Cooperation Between muscles </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Controlled via cerebellum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">A muscle that is closer to a joint has greater range of motion but losses leverage</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">A muscle that is away from a joint has less range yet more leverage</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Muscle Arrangement</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Longitudinal (Parallel) all fibers arranged parallel fashion</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Can shorten by 1/3 or ½ length of muscle belly</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Weak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Unapenate – Muscle fibers attach laterally along 1 side</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Bipenate – muscle fibers attach laterally 2 sides – Powerfull</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Radiate --Combined arrangement of flat and fusiform</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">muscles, orginate on brad aponeurosis and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">converge onto a tendon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span> </span>Orbicularis -- <span class="ssens">a muscle encircling an orifice</span></span></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-39788349405114382792010-09-24T20:54:00.001-05:002010-09-24T20:54:57.019-05:00Week 6<span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span> <br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 648px;"><col style="width: 146pt;" width="195"></col> <col style="width: 340pt;" width="453"></col> <tbody>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt; width: 146pt;" width="195"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ginglymus</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hinge Joint - monoaxial joints -- flexion and extension -- ex/ elbow</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Trochoid</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pivot joint - monoaxial along the longtitudinal axis -- supination and pronation -- ex radius and ulna</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Condyloid</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ellipsoid - biaxial -- Flexion extension abduction adduction -- ex wrist<span> </span></span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Solaris</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Saddle - biaxial -- Flexion extension abduction adduction circumduction -- thumb only</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Spheroid</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ball & Socket - triaxial -- Flexion extension abduction adduction Circumduction -- ex shoulder or hip</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flexion</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Decreases the angle between bones -- ex bending at the knee</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">dorsalflexion</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">flexion of the foot</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Extension</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Increases the angle between the bones -- ex straightening you leg</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hyperextension</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Extension beyond normal flexion -- unhealthy</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">plantarflexion</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">extension of the foot</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ABduction</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">movement away from the central axis of movement</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ADduction</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">movement toward to central axis</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Rotation</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">movement around an axis -- medial = toward midline -- lateral = away from midline</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Supination</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">forearm movement that places the forearm in anatomical position</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pronation</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">forearm movement that puts forearm in the more common position -- aka typing position</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Eversion</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">FOOT ONLY -- movement of sole of foot outward</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Inversion</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">FOOT ONLY -- movement of sole of foot inward or medial</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Protraction</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">forward movement</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Retraction</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">backward movement</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Elevation</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Upward movement</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Depression</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Downward movement</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Circumduction</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">movement that includes flexion + Extension + ADduction + ABduction + Rotation</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-30478241745391798542010-09-17T23:17:00.000-05:002010-09-18T13:06:14.262-05:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TJQ9DUdnqgI/AAAAAAAAAAw/PEMYFedcjKQ/s1600/27.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TJQ9DUdnqgI/AAAAAAAAAAw/PEMYFedcjKQ/s320/27.png" /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TJRn6g2vfVI/AAAAAAAAAHo/7u5CV4ORsno/s1600/SmallSkullBones.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_O5tk20QVn-Y/TJRn6g2vfVI/AAAAAAAAAHo/7u5CV4ORsno/s200/SmallSkullBones.png" width="145" /></a></div>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6686184376234109033.post-23296236629889327362010-09-17T15:37:00.000-05:002010-09-17T15:37:55.548-05:00Week 5<span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 648px;"><col style="width: 146pt;" width="195"></col> <col style="width: 340pt;" width="453"></col> <tbody>
<tr height="68" style="height: 51pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="68" style="height: 51pt; width: 146pt;" width="195"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Skeletal System</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bones, Cartilage & its Articulations -- Provides shape support protection, provides a system of levers -- Red bone marrow produces red blood cells -- Acts as a resivior for calcium and Potassium -- Constantly changing and remodeling</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Osteology</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scientific study of bones</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Arthrology</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scientific study of articulations</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Endoskeleton</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Skeleton is held entirely within soft tissues -- Living -- grows self -repairing and regenerates</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Exoskeleton</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Skeleton this is most external -- an outside covering</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Compact Bone</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">central canal for blood capillaries and the concentric osseous lamellae in compact bone -- osteons lacunae osteocytes</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Spongy Bone</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Delicate lattice work of trabeculae that contains marrow</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Long Bone</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">longer than they are wide, and grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at the ends of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with a hyaline cartilage ("articular cartilage")</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Epiphysis</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">mostly spongy bone with a compact bone covering -- at the ends of long bones</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Diaphysis</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Shaft of long bone -- contains medullary cavity which contains red bone marrow for red blood cell production -- red marrow slowly turns to yellow marrow with age</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="85" style="height: 63.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="85" style="height: 63.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Metaphysis</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Is between Epiphysis and diaphysis -- wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate It is this part of the bone that grows during childhood; as it grows, it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses. At roughly 18 to 25 years of age, the metaphysis stops growing altogether and completely ossifies into solid bone</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Epiphyseal plate</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Growth plate that osifies at puberty</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Articular cartilage</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hyaline cartilage to join adjacent bones</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">------------- Bone Markings -----------</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Suture</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Line of union between bones -- notably in cranial bones an its 4 main sutures</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Fissure</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">narrow cleft like opening/passageway for nerves and blood vessels</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Foramen</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hole or opening for blood vessels nerves and muscles</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Meatus</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Canal or Tube Shaped opening</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sulcus</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">flat broad -- groove or furrow to accommodate a soft structure</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Fossa</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Deppresion in bone</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Fobia</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Tiny depression in bone</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sinus</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Air filled cavity withing a cavity -- Paranasals</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Condyle</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Large rounded articular prominence</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Head</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">rounded articular region supported by the neck of the bone</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Facet</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Smooth flat articulating surface</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Tubercle</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">small rounded knoblike process</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Tuberosity</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Rough large rounded process</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Trochanter</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Large blunt projection -- femur only</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Crest</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Prominent boder or ridge</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Line</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">less prominent border or ridge</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Spine</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sharp Slender process</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Epicondyle</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">projection above a condyle for attachment</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">-------------------------------------------</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Remodleling</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Growth and shrinkage of bone -- increases circumference -- old bone constantly being removed for new bone to replace it</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Osteoblast</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">form/create new bone tissue -- found in osteogenic layer or periosteum</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Osteoclast</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Breaks down bone</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bone health</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Vitamin A, C, D, Calcium Potassium Hormones calcitonen (thyroid to increase & parathyroid to decrease) Wieght bearing exercise</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">calcitonen</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">decreases Calcium in blood and increases Osteoblasts --> Via Thryroid<span> </span>--- Parathyroid increases Calcium in blood and decreases Osteoblasts</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Rickets</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Deffeciency of Vitamin D in children -- can be due to malnutrition</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Osteomalacia</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bone Softening in adults demineralized -- can be due to lack of sunligh --> lack of vitamin D</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Osteomylitis</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Inflamation of bone -- infection in bone</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Osteoporosis</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pourous weakened bones usually occurs with age due to lack of protein production of bone decreases with age</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Long Bone</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">longer than they are wide, and grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at the ends of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with a hyaline cartilage ("articular cartilage")</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Short Bone</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">intended for strength and compactness combined with limited movement -- as being approximately as wide as they are tall</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flate Bone</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment, the bones are expanded into broad, flat plates</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Irregular Bone</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bones that do not fall into any other category due to irregular shape</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Axial Skeleton</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">80 total -- 29 Skull -- 26 Vertebrae -- 24 Ribs -- 1 Sternum</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Appendicular Skeleton</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">126 total -- 4 Pectoral Girdle -- 60 Upper Limbs -- 2 Pelvic Girdle -- 60 Lower limbs</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Skull</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">8 total bones -- single and paired bones</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Frontal</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Single Bone -- Starts as 2 bones and fuses early in life -- Forehead -- Anterior superior of orbital socket -- contains a sinus</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Occipital</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Single Bone -- Posterior and Inferior where spinal cord enters the brain</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ethmoid</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Single Bone -- Complex light delicate -- contains a sinus -- part of the orbital bone -- perpindicular plate forms top of nose -- Superior<span> </span>and middle nasal conchi</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sphenoid</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Single Bone -- Contains a sinus -- bat shaped -- articulates with all other cranial bones -- sella turcia holds pituitary gland</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Parietal</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Paired bones -- large flat -- superior side walls and roof of skull</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Temporal</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Paired Bones -- Complex inferior side walls -- external auditory meatus -- mastoid process and zygomatic process for muscle attachments</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Coronal Suture</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Frontal & Parietal line of attachment</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sagittal Suture</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 parietal line of attachment</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Lambdoid Suture</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Occipital & Parietal line of attachment</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Squamous Suture</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Temporal & Parietal line of attachment</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Facial Bones</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">14 paired and single bones</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Mandible</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Single Bone --Lower jaw -- largest and strongest in the face -- aveolis contain teeth -- horizontal part of mandible = body -- perpendicular = ramus -- place where ramus and body meet = Angle</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Vomer</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Single Bone -- Blade shaped bone -- posterior inferior of nose</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Maxilla</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Paired Bones -- Upper jaw and floor of the eye orbit -- nasal wall -- contains a sinus -- does not articulate with a mandible</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Zygomatic</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Paired Bones -- Prominence of Cheek -- part of eye orbit -- temporal process + zygomatic process = zygomatic arch</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nasal</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Paired Bones -- articulate on bridge of nose</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Lacrimal</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Paired Bones -- Lacrimal duct lightest most delicate of face</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Palatine</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Paired Bones -- Hard Pallatte -- L shapped -- upward part helps with nasal bone -- horizontal plate forms posterior roof of the mouth</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Inferior Nasal Conchi</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Paired Bones -- Scroll shaped that project into nasal passageway lateral cartilage</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ear Canal Bones</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Paired Bones -- Malleus Incus & Stapes</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hyoid</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Horeshoe shaped -- connected to the tounge -- no articulation with any other bone held in by cartilage and muscle</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Vertebrae</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">7 Cervical - 12 Thorassic -- 5 Lumbar -- 5 Sacrum -- 4 coccyx</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Vertbrae Body</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Load Bearing structure of the vertbrae</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Vertbral Arch</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Forms vertebral Foramen for spinal cord</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Spinous Process</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Muscle attachement for vertebrae</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Transverse Process</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">articulates with rib tubercle</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Facets</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Smooth flat articulating surface</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Demifacets</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Superior and Inferior on vertebrae that articulate with rib head</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Infererior articular facet</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">articulates with vertebrae below</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Superior articular facet</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">articulates with vertebrae above</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Atlas C1</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Superior facets with occipital condyle -- easily fractured -- allows vertical movement - yes movement</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Axis C2</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Dens Process that allows for horizontal movement - no movement</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sacrum</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">vertebrae support base</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Coccyx</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Tailbone</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Thorax</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">12 pair of ribs -- first 7 are true ribs which are attached to the sternum via costal cartilage -- last 5 ribs are false ribs</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">True Rib</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">first 7 pair of ribs vertebral sternal</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">False Rib</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">last 5 pair of ribs -- First 3 pair indirectly attach to the sternum last 2 pair are freely floating with no attachment</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Rib</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Wedge shaped head supported by a neck -- body/shaft is the main bulk of the rib -- costal arch is the arch that heads toward the vertebrae</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sternum<span> </span></span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flat medial bone with 3 regions -- Manubrium body and zyphoid</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="34" style="height: 25.5pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Manubrium</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">most superior -- suprasternal notch -- clavicular notch -- 1st and 2nd ribs -- sternal angle articulates with rest of sternum</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">body</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Middle of sternum -- rib attachments</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Zyphoid</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Occifies ~ 40 and becomes bone -- attachment for abdominal muscles</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Appendicular Skeleton</span></td> <td><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="17" style="height: 12.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pectoral Girdle</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Clavicle + Scapula</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="85" style="height: 63.75pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="85" style="height: 63.75pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scapula</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Triangle Shaped -- Spinous process & supraspinous an subspinous fossa on posterior surface -- Subscapular on anterior surface -- Acromion slightly flaring process at lateral end of spine -- glenoid cavity fossa forming socket for head of humerus -- coracoid process beak like projection on anterior surface for muscle attachement</span></td> </tr>
<tr height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"> <td class="xl25" height="51" style="height: 38.25pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Clavicle</span></td> <td class="xl24" style="width: 340pt;" width="453"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">long slender S shaped -- Medial end = Sternal end<span> </span>-- lateral end = Acromial end -- only bony connection to axial skeleton so it needs a strong fibrocartilage pad that allows for greater range of movement</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>BloodyTraumahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06292525868175857942noreply@blogger.com0