Week 3

Endocrine	Secretions go to the intracellular fluid (bloodstream)
Exocrine	Has a duct that carries the secretion to where it is to be used
Simple Gland	Duct that does not branch
Compound Gland	Branching Duct
Tubular Gland	Tube shaped duct
Acinar Gland	Duct that opens up into a sphere shape
Tubulocinar	Has both tubular and acinar characteristics
Holocrine Gland	Death of the cell releases the secretion -- Type of exocrine gland -- example: sebatious gland responsible to oil production for skin
Merocrine	Releases secretion by exocytosis -- Type of exocrine gland -- example: sailvary, Pancreatic and certain sweat glands
Apocrine	Half the cell is loaded with the secretion and then pinched off (decapitaion secretion) examples: sweat and mamory glands -- Axillary(armpit) Pubic area -- Starts at puberty and secretions are viscous, often called smelly sweat
Nervous Tissue	Mostly Cellular - no true products -- Irritable (responds to stimuli by conducting nerve impulse)
Perikaryon/Nueron	Cell body of a nerve
Dendrites	Branch like structure that carries information toward the nueron
Axon	Usually a single structure that carries information away from the nueron
Sensory Nerve	Carries information too the central nervous system for processing (Afferent)
Motor Nerve	Carries information from the central nervous system for action (Efferent)
Nueroglia	Protect nourish support nuerons (Glia)
Muscle Tissue	Primarily Cellular -- Low Fluid -- No Products -- called fibers which are elongated cells -- Irritable, Contracts, and Extands (Elastic) -- 3 types Smooth Striated Cardiac
Sarcoplasm	Cytosol of muscles
Sarcolemma	Muscle Membrane
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum	Special Type of endoplasmic reticulum found on smooth and striated muscle -- functions to store and release calcium ions
Skeletal muscle	Long fibers with dark and light bands -- Multi-nucliated -- attached to bone for support and movement -- Voluntary
Myosin	a protein -- Thick bands on skeletal muscle
Actin	a protein -- Thin bands on skeletal muscle
Smooth Muscle	non striated -- one nucleus -- spindle shaped -- Involuntary -- Walls of hallow organs and arrangement determines function
Cardiac Muscle	Heart only -- Straited + Intercolated discs -- 1 nucleus -- Involuntary -- branched cells
Connective Tissue	Most abundant type of tissue -- protects, packs, fills and supports -- binding structures -- abundance of extracellular products (fibers and other substances) -- More extracellular fluid (matrix) can be fluid or semi mucoid -- resistand to physical forces due to collagenous fibers which are found in bundles for strength and support
Elastic (Yellow) Fibers	made of Elastin, more fragile yet more elastic
Reticular Fibers	Collagen & Glycoprotein most fragile used for holding cells & cell membranes together to make functional unit
CT	shorthand for Connective Tissue
Loose CT	Between structures for packing and filling -- hyluronic acid = matrix -- Found in several parts body ranging from the skin to organs
Loose Areolar CT	CT where fibers are loosely arranged in a net or meshwork fashion -- consists of collagenous, elastic fibers, ground substance and CT cells
Loose Adipose CT	Mostly fat that causes the nuclues to get shoved to the outer wall -- in kidneys heart surface bone marrow
telasubcutanea	continuous layer of loose adipose CT beneath the skin
Loose Reticular CT	network of reticular fibers made of type 3 collagen -- called reticular due it being the dominant fiber present
Dense CT (Fibrous)	Closely packed fibers -- less matrix -- provides a strong connection between different tissues 2 forms; Regular & Irregular
Dense Irregular CT	Irregular appearance due to the fact it has do deal with forces coming from all angles so there is an irregular appearance to the fiber arrangement -- found in lower layers of the skin and in the protective white layer of the eyeball
Dense Regular CT	Parrallel fibers running the length needed, arrangement of fibers due to only dealing with unilateral forces -- fibers are collagenous; providing the firmest union -- cylindrical or flattened bands wrapped with areolar ct -- examples: tendons ligaments
Fascia	The flat layers of fibrous tissue that separate different layers of tissue
tendon	connects muscle to bone providing stability and assisting movement
tendon sheath	separates the tendon from direct contact from a bone and provides lubrication
Bursa	Fluid filled sac that provides lubrication for tendon sheath
Ligament	short tuff flat bands that connect bone to bone
elastic ligaments	in between vertebra
Elastic CT	composed of elastic fibers produced by fibroblasts and stretch 1.5x normal length and can snap back to original length when relaxed -- Larynx & heart arteries
Vascular CT	Blood vessels -- More intracellular matrix; Blood lymph fibrinogen
Cartilage	Avascular and No nerves -- tough complex gelatinous -- Diffusion occurs slowly -- found inbetween articulating bones, ear nose vertebrae
Chondrocytes	Cells that create cartilage with lies within Lacunae which is surrounded by its matrix
lacunae	the gap that chondrocytes (in this case) reside in
perichondrium	Layer of Dense Irregular CT that surrounds cartilage
Hyaline	Cartilage that appears smooths and glossy -- is a dense mass of delicate fibers
Elastic (yellow)	Cartilage that has elastic fiber networks in addition to collagen fibers matrix
Fibrocartilage	Cartilage with a fibrous matrix -- Fibers are quie numerous
Bone	Bone created by osteocyte -- hard rigid mineralized -- ~35% collagen fiber -- Impervious to diffusion
Osteocyte	rests in lacuna of bone matrix -- and osteoblast that is embedded in bony tissue which is relatively inactive
Osteblast	responsible for bone formation
Canaliculi	Small passageway -- in the case of bone it allows matrix to move around in the otherwise impervious structure
Lamellae	Ring in Bone -- resembling a plate
osteon	central canal for blood capillaries and the concentric osseous lamellae in compact bone
Periosteum	outer covering of bone -- fibrous outer layer -- Osteogenic inner layer
Integumentary System	Skin -- largest organ (3k in^2) -- purpose: protection, temperature maintenance, chemical storage (mallanin, vitaminD) Excretion, and synthesis of Vitamin D -- Senses pressure pain and temperature changes -- touch reception
Epidermis	thin outer layer of epithelial tissue -- avascular -- 4-5 layers thick depending on location
Stratum Corneum	20-30 layers of thin flat dead cells filled with keratin
Stratum Lucidum	Several Rows of clear flat cell -- have Illeidum, the precursor to keratin -- Only in Palm of hand and sole of foot
Stratum Granulosum	produces keratohyalin that leads to illeidum -- has a granular appearance
Stratum Spinosum	8-10 layers of polyhedrum cells appears spinous, presence of lipids here create a hydrophobic layer that prevents dehydration keratinization begins here
Stratum Basale	Deepest Layer -- Rests on basement membrane -- appear cuboidal or columnar
Carotene	orange pigment that appears more dominant in people of asain descent -- more easily visible in carrots which it is named after
Melanin	pigment that everyone has that causes skin to darken, more noticable in those of african descent -- in the stratum basale
Melanocytes	Produce melanin
Albinism	inherited inability to produce melanin
Freckles	inherited patches of melanin
Vitiligo	inherited patches of skin that lack pigment (can make dark skin have white patches)
Dermis	has papillary and reticular regions -- has collagenous and ellastic fibers -- capillaries and blood vessels present
Meissner's Corpuscle	Touch sensory Nerve ending
Papillary Dermis	uppermost layer of the dermis -- composed of fine and loosely arranged collagen fibers -- projects up under the epidermis via papila (fingerlike projections)
Reticular Dermis	Lower layer of the Dermis (under Papillary) composed of thick densely packed collagen fibers -- primary location of dermal elastic fibers -- hair folicles are pushed into this layer -- sebaceous glands, arrector pili (goosebump muscle) and sudoriferour glands are all present at this level
Subcutaneous Tissue	(aka Hypoderm, hypodermis, superficial fascia) Lowest layer of integumentary system -- fibroblasts and adipose cells present --
Lamella Corpuscle	Nerve ending wrapped in lamellae that senses Deep Pressure
Eccrine	Exocrine Gland -- simple tubule sweat gland -- secretions begin in the SubQ layer and a duct takes it to the top layer of the skin
Ceruminous Gland	located in the SubQ of the external auditory canal which produces cerumen (EarWax) to lubricate clean and trap foreign particles