2 weeks worth of notes in anatomy

Term	Definition
Medial	Toward the midline of the body
Lateral	Away from the midline of the body
Proximal	Toward a reference point (extremity)
Distal	Away from a reference point (extremity)
Inferior	Lower or below
Superior	Upper or above
Cephalad or Cranial	Head
Caudal or Caudad	Tail, tail end
Anterior	Toward the front
Posterior	Toward the back
Dorsal	Posterior (back)
Ventral	Anterior (front)
Coronal Plane or Frontal Plane	Divides Anterior and Posterior
Sagittal Plane or Lateral Plane	Divides Body into Left and Righ halves
Axial Plane or Transverse Plane	Divides body into superior and inferior
Ipsilateral	on the same side as another structure. Thus, the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg
Contralateral	on the opposite from another structure. Thus, the left arm is contralateral to the right arm, or the right leg
Superficial	near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer. The opposite is "deep", or "visceral"
Deep	further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines.
Intermediate	between two other structures. Thus, the navel is intermediate to (or intermediate between) the left arm and the contralateral (right) leg
Visceral	associated with organs within the body's cavities. The stomach is a viscus within the abdominal cavity, and is covered with a lining called the visceral peritoneum.
Parietal	pertaining to the wall of a body cavity. The parietal peritoneum is the lining on the inside of the abdominal cavity
Axial	Towards the central axis of the organism or an extremity.
Abaxial	away from the central axis of the organism or extremity
Rostral	situated toward the oral or nasal region, or in the case of the brain, towards the tip of the frontal lobes.
Caudal	of, at, or near the tail or the posterior end of the body. In the human case, towards the bottom of the feet - "tail" of the spinal cord
Plantar	Sole of the Foot
Palmar	Palm of the Hand
Supine	Lying on back -- Face up
Prone	Lying on stomach -- Face down
Cranial Cavity	Dorsal cavity containing the skull
Vertebral Cavity	Dorsal cavity containing the vertebral column and spinal cord
Intracellular Fluid	Fluid inside of the cell
Extracellular Fluid	Intercellular & Intravascullar --  Fluid outside the cell and surrounding enviroment
Osmosis	movement of water molecules across a partially-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. More specifically, it is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration) PASSIVE
Solution	Product of Solute and Solvent
Solute	What is being dissolved
Solvent	What does the dissolving -- Water most Common
Tonicity	% of Solute in a Solution -- Solute / (Solvent+Solute)
Isotonic	0 NET movement (= parts of water moving in AND out) PASSIVE
Hypertonic	Water leaving the cell -- Crenation (cell shrinks) PASSIVE
Hypotonic	Water enters the cell -- Lysis (Cell fattens) PASSIVE
Facilated Diffusion	the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane transport proteins
Sieve	a pressure gradient filter that filters molecules by size  -- smaller molecules are more likely to get through
ATP	Adenosine TriPhosphate -- the Cells storage form of energy
Passive Transport	Diffusion with the gradient (from High to Low) of chemical/ions/molecules by random movements continues until equilibrium is met
Active Transport	Uses energy (ATP) and a carrier to take a chemical/ion/molecule AGAINST the gradient (Low to High) using a carrier (Protiens usually)
Endocytosis	Incorporates large molecules into the cell using a vesicle and requiring energy
Phagocytosis	Cell eating - items outside the cell are brought in using "False Feet" Used mainly by the immune system to remove pathogens (Form of endocytosis)
Pinocytosis	Cell drinking - the cell sinks into itself to bring in Extracellular Fluids and less molecules (form of endocytosis)
Exocytosis	Opposite of Endocytosis -- Removes large molecules using a vesicle and reuires energy
Cytosol	Inside cell membrane (not the nuclear membrane) 70-90% water viscous clear fluid that contains the organelles also were new substances can be made
Centrosome	Dense region of cytoplasm - Contains 2 perpendicular centrioles - sets up cells to help divide - can form cilia (short multiples) or flagelum (long single)
Ribosome	Large and small units where Protien synthesis occurs
Endoplasmic Reticulum	forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells. Rough endoplasmic reticulums synthesize proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids, and regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins
Golgi Complex	Attach to secreted molecules (protiens lipids) to package and deliver them elsewhere within the cell
Lysosome	Contains digestive enzymes to destroy what cell doesn’t need can also destroy the cell itself (autolysis)
Mitochondria	Power house of the cell - Rod or spherical shaped with a smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane (cristae) ground substance is called the matrix -- Catabolic reactions release energy wich is then made into ATP -- self reproducing DNA that is passed down from only the mother
Nucleus	Control Center of the cell has a nuclear envelope ground substance is called karyolymph - Chromatin loosely packed chromosones (DNA and histones)
Vegitative	cell that does not divide
Inclusions	non living Organic chemicals that appear and disappear over a cells life (oils pigments glycogens)
Interphase	divided into three phases, G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2  (second gap). During all three phases, the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. However, chromosomes are replicated only during the S phase. Thus, a cell grows (G1), continues to grow as it duplicates its chromosomes (S), grows more and prepares for mitosis (G2), and finally divides starting Mitosis
Mitosis	the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components = 2 identical nuclei
Prophase	the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome in which the chromatin becomes visible
Metaphase	Pairs of Chromatids line up on the equitorial plane spindle fibers appear from centrioles
Anaphase	Sister Chromatids separate - 1 chromatid of each pair goes to the opposite pole (cytokinesis begins)
Telophase	Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear chromosones loosen and uncoil fading back to chromatin
Meiosis	A reduction division - DNA still replicated but division occurs 2x cutting the number of chromosones per cell in half -- produces 4 gametes
Prophase I	Synapsis (pairing of homologeous chromosones) occurs -- Produces a tetrad (4 chromosones) Crossing over occurs at random between the chromosones (which is where genetic diversity comes from)
Metaphase I	Each pair of chromosones line up on the equitorial plane at random
Anaphase I	Each pair of chromosones is pulled to opposite side ALL CELLS ARE HAPLOID DURING AND PAST THIS STAGE
Telophase I	Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear chromosones loosen and uncoil fading back to chromatin
Prophase II	the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome in which the chromatin becomes visible
Metaphase II	Pairs of Chromatids line up on the equitorial plane spindle fibers appear from centrioles
Anaphase II	Sister Chromatids separate - 1 chromatid of each pair goes to the opposite pole (cytokinesis begins)
Telophase II	Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear chromosones loosen and uncoil fading back to chromatin
Spermatogenisis	starts at puberty and usually continues uninterrupted until death -- male version of meiosis that produces 4 sperm
Oogenesis	the creation of an ovum (egg cell). It is the female form
Uneven Cytokinesis	Oogenesis (A case of uneven cytokinesis)
Cell Junctions
Fluid Tight	Junction that has a fluid tight membrane
Anchoring	Adherens and Desmosomes -- Hold cells in place used in places that expect wear and tear
Gap	Allow electrical and chemical signals to pass
Tissue	collection of similarly specialized cells that carry out a specific function
Epithelial	Found on coverings, linings and glands cells are tightly packed together with only a light layer of fluid no products. They always rest on a basement membrane which attaches it to underlying tissues -- it is avscular, wastes go to the basement by diffusion. New cells are created at the basement which forces older cells to the top
Squamous	Flat tile Shaped Cells
Cuboidal	Shaped like a Cube
Columnar	Shaped like a Column
Transitional	Can change shape to help with distension and expansion (urinary bladder)
Lumen	Is the interior linning of a vessel -- Bloodvessel lining is called Endothelium
Simple	1 layer
Stratofied	more than 1 layer
Cilia	small protuberances from the cell that aid in movement of extracellular molecules (such as mucus)
Psuedostratofied	All cells sit on the membrane but no all the cells reach the top surface
Chromatids	Identical chromosones attached to each other at a DNA element -- the Centromere
Nuclear Envelope	double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear envelope also serves as the physical barrier, separating the contents of the nucleus (DNA in particular) from the cytosol
Chromosones	DNA and Histones