Respiratory System
2 main functions
make oxygen constantly available
Carry carbon dioxide away
By exchanging gasses between atmosphere and blood and cells
Accessory function
Vocalization
Protective devices
Coughing
Sneezing
Contracts diaphragm
& external intercostals under normal breathing conditions
General path oxygen from nose to lungs
1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi
6. lungs
External Nares
The opening of the nose to the outside atmosphere
Nasal Cavity
Large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face
Contains Olefactory Region, Inferior, Middle & superior Nasal Meatus
Olefactory Region
Mucous membrane line
Ciliated Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
For filtering the air
Nasal meatus
Add more area to allow for more filtering
Internal Nares (Choana)
The opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx
Has sebaceous glands just as skin does
Nasopharynx
Always Open
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Valved to prevent food from going down wrong tube
Glottis opens when swallowing
Epiglottis guards the entrance of the glottis, the opening between the vocal folds. It is normally pointed upward during breathing
Anterior wall
Thyroid cartilage
Inferior wall
Cricoid
Fuses with trachea
Posterior wall
Corniculate
Superior ventricular folds
False vocal cords
Inferior ventricular folds
True vocal cords
Tension on these cords controls pitch
Air volume moving past them controls volume
Males are thicker & longer
Trachea
Fibroelastic tube
11 cm long
2.5 cm diameter
C6 ~ T5
Divides into Right and Left Prime Bronchi
C shaped Cartilage supports
Trachealis muscle is a smooth muscle. It bridges the gap between free ends of C-shaped cartilages at the posterior border of the trachea, adjacent to the esophagus.
Lies Anterior to esophagus
Ciliated Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
For more filtering of air
Carina
Most sensitive area
Causes cough reflex to protect the lungs
Lowest point of trachea
Respiratory Tree
2 branches
Right Prime Bronchi
Shorter
Broader
3 subsidiary braches
For the right 3 lobes
Left Prime Bronchi
Longer
2 subsidiary Branches
for the left 2 lobes
smooth muscles replaces the C shaped cartilage of trachea
Lungs
Extensive epithelial surface
Extensive capillary network
Elastic & spongy
Thin respiratory membrane (alveolar capillary Membrane)
Fills chest
Rest of diaphragm
Apex of either lung is ~ 2.5 cm above clavicle
Liver pushes right lung up slightly
Right Lung is shorter and broader & has a greater volume than the left side
Left lung is longer and has less volume avaible
Changes color over lifetime
Changes depend on environment and lifestyle
Red for fetus
Pink for kids
Grey ~ black for adults
Has a hylus for nerves and vessels to enter
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pluera
Plueral Caivty
To keep lungs from rubbing on ribs
Both lungs have oblique fissures that divide superior and inferior lobes
Right lobe has added transvers fissure for 3 lobe
Inferior lobes are largest
Lobes are highly elastic
Arteries appear blue
Veins appear red
Lymph still green
Prime bronchii divide into bronchioles
(terminal) Bronchioles are barely a mm in diameter
No cartilage
Alveolar duct
Alveolus
Type 1 alveolar
Macrophages & monocytes
To filter air and get rid of any bacteria that made it that far
Type 2 septal
Produces phospholipid called surfactin
Surfactin keeps the walls of alveoli from sticking together
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